Biogen Idec (BIIB)

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission file number: 0-19311

Biogen Idec Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

(781) 464-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files):  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (without admitting that any person whose shares are not included in such calculation is an affiliate) computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $11,688,813,825.

 

As of January 31, 2011, the registrant had 240,911,883 shares of common stock, $0.0005 par value, outstanding.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Portions of the definitive proxy statement for our 2011 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

 

 

BIOGEN IDEC INC.

 

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2010

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current beliefs and expectations. These forward-looking statements may be accompanied by such words as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “will” and other words and terms of similar meaning. Reference is made in particular to forward-looking statements regarding:

 

 

These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward-looking statements, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this report and elsewhere in this report. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.

 

NOTE REGARDING COMPANY AND PRODUCT REFERENCES

 

Throughout this report, “Biogen Idec,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Biogen Idec Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to “RITUXAN” refer to both RITUXAN (the trade name for rituximab in the U.S., Canada and Japan) and MabThera (the trade name for rituximab outside the U.S., Canada and Japan), and “ANGIOMAX” refers to both ANGIOMAX (the trade name for bivalirudin in the U.S., Canada and Latin America) and ANGIOX (the trade name for bivalirudin in Europe).

 

NOTE REGARDING TRADEMARKS

 

AVONEX^®, RITUXAN^® and ADENTRI^® are registered trademarks of Biogen Idec. FUMADERM^tm is a common law trademark of Biogen Idec Inc. TYSABRI^® and TOUCH^® are registered trademarks of Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The following are trademarks of the respective companies listed: ACTEMRA^® — Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha; AMEVIVE^® — Astellas US LLC; AMPYRA^® and FAMPYRA^® — Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.; ANGIOMAX^® and ANGIOX^® — The Medicines Company; ARZERRA^tm — Glaxo Group Limited; BETASERON^® and BETAFERON^® — Bayer Schering Pharma AG; CAMPATH^® and LEMTRADA^® — Genzyme Corporation; CIMZIA^® — UCB Pharma, S.A.; COPAXONE^® — Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited; ENBREL^® — Immunex Corporation; EXTAVIA^® and GILENYA^® — Novartis AG; HUMIRA^® — Abbott Biotechnology Ltd.; ONCOVIN^tm — Eli Lilly and Company; ORENCIA^® — Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; REBIF^® — Ares Trading S.A.; REMICADE^® — Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc.; SIMPONI^tm — Johnson & Johnson; TREANDA^® — Cephalon, Inc.; and ZEVALIN^® — RIT Oncology, LLC

 

Overview

 

Biogen Idec is a global biotechnology company focused on discovering, developing, manufacturing and marketing products for the treatment of neurological disorders and other serious diseases. Patients worldwide benefit from our significant products used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and psoriasis.

 

Marketed Products

 

We have four therapeutic products on the market, which are summarized in the tables below.

 

 

 

Additional financial information about our product revenues, other revenues and geographic areas in which we operate is set forth in our consolidated financial statements, Note 24, Segment Information to our consolidated financial statements, and Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data included in this report.

 

Research and Development

 

We devote significant resources to research and development programs and external business development opportunities. We have incurred significant expenditures related to conducting clinical studies to develop new pharmaceutical products and explore the utility of our existing products in treating disorders beyond those currently approved in their labels.

 

In 2010, 2009 and 2008, our research and development costs totaled $1,248.6 million, $1,283.1 million, and $1,072.1 million, respectively. In addition, we incurred charges associated with acquired in process research and development as follows: $245.0 million in 2010 of which $145.0 million was attributed to noncontrolling interests; none in 2009; and $25.0 million in 2008.

 

CEO Appointment

 

On July 15, 2010, George A. Scangos, Ph.D. began serving as our Chief Executive Officer and member of our Board of Directors. Dr. Scangos succeeded James C. Mullen, who retired as our President and Chief Executive Officer on June 8, 2010.

Framework for Growth

 

On November 3, 2010, we announced a number of strategic, operational and organizational initiatives designed to provide a framework for the future growth of our business, which are summarized as follows:

 

 

We expect these initiatives to be substantially completed by the end of 2011 and to result in total restructuring charges of approximately $110.0 million.

 

Business Development

 

 

Available Information

 

We were formed as a California corporation in 1985 and became a Delaware corporation in 1997. In 2003, we acquired Biogen, Inc. and changed our corporate name from IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation to Biogen Idec Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 133 Boston Post Road, Weston, MA 02493 and our telephone number is (781) 464-2000. Our website address is www.biogenidec.com. We make available free of charge through the Investors section of our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We include our website address in this report only as an inactive textual reference and do not intend it to be an active link to our website. The contents of our website are not incorporated into this filing.

Marketed Products

 

Our marketed products address the following diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS); non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL); rheumatoid arthritis (RA); Crohn’s disease (CD); chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); and psoriasis. In addition, we are exploring the expansion of our marketed products into other diseases through ongoing development efforts. The approved indications for, and ongoing development of, our marketed products are summarized in the table below.

 

 

 

 

AVONEX

 

AVONEX is a leading therapeutic for relapsing forms of MS. MS is a progressive neurological disease in which the body loses the ability to transmit messages along nerve cells, leading to a loss of muscle control, paralysis and, in some cases, death. Patients with active relapsing MS experience an uneven pattern of disease progression characterized by periods of stability that are interrupted by flare-ups of the disease after which the patient returns to a new baseline of functioning. AVONEX is a recombinant form of the interferon beta protein produced in the body in response to viral infection.

 

TYSABRI

 

TYSABRI is a treatment for MS with powerful efficacy. TYSABRI is a monoclonal antibody that was initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2004 to treat relapsing MS. In February 2005, in consultation with the FDA, we and our collaborator Elan Corporation plc (Elan) voluntarily suspended the marketing and commercial distribution of TYSABRI based on reports of cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients treated with TYSABRI in clinical studies. PML is an opportunistic viral infection of the brain that often leads to death or severe disability. In July 2006, TYSABRI was reintroduced in the U.S., and introduced in the European Union (E.U.), as a monotherapy treatment for relapsing MS. TYSABRI is also approved in the U.S. to treat CD, which is an inflammatory disease of the intestines.

 

Because of the risk of PML, TYSABRI has a boxed warning and is marketed under risk management or minimization plans approved by local regulatory authorities. In the U.S., TYSABRI was reintroduced under the TOUCH Prescribing Program, a restricted distribution program designed to assess and minimize the risk of PML, minimize death and disability due to PML, and promote informed risk-benefit decisions regarding TYSABRI use.

 

Based upon data available to us through the TOUCH prescribing program and other third-party sources, we estimate that as of December 31, 2010 approximately 56,600 patients were on commercial and clinical TYSABRI therapy worldwide. We continue to monitor the growth of TYSABRI unit sales, which may be adversely impacted by the significant safety warnings in the prescribing information. We continue to research and develop protocols that may reduce risk and improve outcomes of PML in patients. Our efforts have included working to identify patient or viral characteristics which contribute to the risk of developing PML, including the presence of asymptomatic JC virus infection with an assay to detect an immune response against the JC virus.

 

We have initiated the five year renewal process for TYSABRI’s marketing authorization in the E.U. This marketing authorization review by E.U. regulators, in addition to ongoing label discussions with U.S. regulators, includes assessment of the criteria for confirming PML diagnosis, the number of PML cases, the incidence of PML in TYSABRI patients, the risk factors for PML, as well as an overall assessment of TYSABRI’s benefit-risk profile. Our interactions with E.U. and U.S. regulators could result in modifications to the respective labels or other restrictions for TYSABRI. Upon completion of the assessment of the TYSABRI renewal in the E.U. the marketing authorization is expected to be valid for either an unlimited period or for an additional five year term.

 

We collaborate with Elan on the development and commercialization of TYSABRI. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

2010 Developments

 

 

 

RITUXAN

 

RITUXAN is a widely prescribed oncology therapeutic with over 2.4 million patient exposures across all indications. RITUXAN is a monoclonal antibody used to treat NHL, CLL and RA. NHL and CLL are cancers that affect lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that help to fight infection. RA is a chronic disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s joints, resulting in inflammation, pain and joint damage.

 

We collaborate with Genentech on the development and commercialization of RITUXAN. In October 2010, we amended our collaboration agreement with Genentech with regard to the development of ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, and agreed to terms for the development of GA101, a next-generation anti-CD20 antibody. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

2010 Developments

 

 

FUMADERM

 

FUMADERM is approved for the treatment of severe psoriasis in Germany. Psoriasis is a skin disease in which cells build up on the skin surface and form scales and red patches.

Other Sources of Revenue

 

Our primary source of other revenue is derived from royalties received on sales by our licensees of other products covered under patents that we own. Our royalty revenues are dependent upon our licensees’ sales of licensed products which could vary significantly due to competition, manufacturing, regulatory, safety or efficacy issues or other factors that are outside our control. In addition, the expiration or invalidation of any underlying patents could reduce or eliminate the royalty revenues derived from such patents. Royalties on sales of ANGIOMAX (bivalirudin) by The Medicines Company (TMC) represent our most significant source of other revenue. TMC markets ANGIOMAX primarily in the U.S. and the E.U. for use as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. For a description of this royalty arrangement and factors that could adversely affect this portion of our revenues, please read the subsection entitled “Other Revenue — Royalty Revenues” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this report.

 

We have also sold or exclusively licensed to third parties rights to certain products previously included within our product line. Royalty or supply agreement revenues received based upon those products are recorded as corporate partner revenue. Amounts recorded as corporate partner revenue also include amounts earned upon delivery of product under contract manufacturing agreements.

 

In 2010, 2009 and 2008, our royalty revenues totaled $137.4 million, $124.4 million and $116.2 million, respectively, and our corporate partner revenues totaled $31.7 million, $5.1 million and $13.4 million, respectively.

Research and Development Programs

 

We intend to continue committing significant resources to research and development opportunities, focusing on high-potential treatments for select disorders where there is a significant unmet need and where the drug candidate has the potential to be highly differentiated. The table below highlights our research and development programs. Drug development involves a high degree of risk and investment, and the status, timing and scope of our development programs are subject to change. Important factors that could adversely affect our drug development efforts are discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this report.

 

 

Additional information about our product candidates in or near registrational stage development by therapeutic area is set forth below:

 

Neurology

 

FAMPYRA

 

FAMPYRA (prolonged-release fampridine) is an oral compound that is being developed as a treatment to improve walking ability in people with MS. We have filed for approval of FAMPYRA for this indication in the E.U., Canada, Australia and other jurisdictions. FAMPYRA was approved in the U.S. in January 2010 and is marketed by Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. under the trade name AMPYRA (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets 10 mg. AMPYRA is indicated to improve walking in patients with MS. This was demonstrated by an increase in walking speed. We collaborate with Acorda on the development and commercialization of FAMPYRA in markets outside the U.S. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

In January 2011, the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) issued a negative opinion recommending against approval of FAMPYRA to improve walking ability in adult patients with MS in the

E.U. We intend to appeal this opinion and request a re-examination of the decision by the CHMP. We also received a Notice of Deficiency from Health Canada for our application to sell FAMPYRA in Canada.

 

BG-12

 

BG-12 is an oral compound that is being tested in relapsing MS. During 2009, we completed patient enrollment in two Phase 3 studies of BG-12 in relapsing MS, known as DEFINE and CONFIRM, one of which includes a glatiramer acetate (COPAXONE) reference comparator arm. The two studies were designed to have a two year endpoint with each study involving approximately 1,000 to 1,200 patients. The FDA has granted BG-12 fast track status, which may result in an expedited review.

 

Daclizumab

 

Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody that is being tested in relapsing MS. A Phase 2b trial of daclizumab in MS, known as SELECT, completed enrollment in 2010. The SELECT trial has a one year end point and is expected to involve approximately 600 patients worldwide. In May 2010, we began patient enrollment in a Phase 3 study of daclizumab in relapsing MS, known as DECIDE, evaluating the efficacy and safety of daclizumab compared to interferon beta-1a (AVONEX). The DECIDE trial is designed to have a two year endpoint and is expected to involve approximately 1,500 patients.

 

We collaborate with Abbott Biotherapeutics Corporation (Abbott), on the development and commercialization of daclizumab. In January 2010, we amended our collaboration agreement with Abbott whereby we assumed full development and manufacturing responsibility for daclizumab. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

PEGylated interferon beta-1a

 

PEGylated interferon beta-1a is designed to prolong the effects and reduce the dosing frequency of interferon beta-1a. During the first half of 2009, we began patient enrollment in a Phase 3 trial of PEGylated interferon beta-1a in relapsing MS, known as ADVANCE. The study is designed to have a one year endpoint and involve approximately 1,200 patients. The FDA has granted PEGylated interferon beta-1a fast track status, which may result in an expedited review.

 

Dexpramipexole

 

Dexpramipexole is an orally administered small molecule in clinical development for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting.

 

We have agreed with the FDA on a Special Protocol Assessment for the design of a registrational study of dexpramipexole and expect to begin patient enrollment in the first half of 2011. Dexpramipexole has been granted fast track status by the FDA, which may result in an expedited review, and has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of ALS from both the FDA and EMA.

 

We have entered into a license agreement with Knopp Neurosciences, Inc. for the development, manufacture and commercialization of dexpramipexole. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 18, Investments in Variable Interest Entities to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

Hemophilia

 

Long-Lasting Recombinant Factors VIII and IX.

 

We collaborate with Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Biovitrum) on the development and commercialization of long-lasting recombinant Factor VIII and Factor IX. In February 2010, we amended our collaboration agreement with Biovitrum to provide that we will assume full development responsibilities and costs and perform all manufacturing for the Factor VIII and Factor XI programs, among other matters. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Factor VIII is a proprietary fusion protein that is being tested in hemophilia A, a disorder in which blood clotting is impaired. In December 2010, we began patient enrollment in a registrational trial of Factor VIII in hemophilia A, known as A-LONG. This study will involve approximately 150 patients. Factor VIII has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of hemophilia A from both the FDA and EMA.

 

Factor IX is a proprietary fusion protein that is being tested in hemophilia B, a disorder in which blood clotting is impaired. During the first half of 2010, we began patient enrollment in a registrational trial of Factor IX in hemophilia B, known as B-LONG. This study will involve approximately 100 patients. Factor IX has received orphan drug designation for the treatment of hemophilia B from both the FDA and EMA.

 

Oncology

 

GA101

 

GA101 is a monoclonal antibody that is being tested in CLL and NHL. During the second half of 2009, we began patient enrollment in a Phase 3 trial of GA101 in combination with chlorambucil as compared to rituximab plus chlorambucil or chlorambucil alone in patients with previously untreated CLL. The study has a 6 month end point, with a minimum five year follow-up period, and is expected to involve approximately 800 patients worldwide. In April 2010, we began patient enrollment in a Phase 3 trial of GA101 combined with bendamustine compared with bendamustine alone in patients with rituximab-refractory, indolent NHL. The study has a six to twelve month end point and is expected to involve approximately 360 patients.

 

We collaborate with Genentech on the development and commercialization of GA101. In October 2010, we amended our collaboration agreement with Genentech to specify the terms for the development of GA101, among other matters. For a more detailed description of this collaboration and the recent amendment, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

Former Registrational Programs

 

In October 2010, we agreed to terminate our collaboration with Cardiokine Biopharma, LLC (Cardiokine ) for the development of lixivaptan in hyponatremia effective November 1, 2010. Under the terms of the agreement, we have funded our share of development costs through the effective date and made a final payment of $25.0 million to Cardiokine. The termination was consistent with our broader strategic decision to terminate our efforts in cardiovascular medicine described above under the heading “Overview — Framework for Growth.”

 

In May 2010, we and the Roche Group announced our decision to discontinue the ocrelizumab clinical development program for the treatment of patients with RA. Following a detailed analysis of the efficacy and safety results from the RA program, we concluded that the overall benefit to risk profile of ocrelizumab was not favorable in RA taking into account currently available treatment options. The ocrelizumab RA program included several Phase 3 studies.

Patents and Other Proprietary Rights

 

Patents are important to developing and protecting our competitive position. We regularly seek patent protection in the U.S. and in selected countries outside the U.S. for inventions originating from our research and development efforts. In addition, we license rights to various patents and patent applications, generally, in return for the payment of royalties to the patent owner. U.S. patents, as well as most foreign patents, are generally effective for 20 years from the date the earliest (priority) application was filed; however, U.S. patents that issue on applications filed before June 8, 1995 may be effective until 17 years from the issue date, if that is later than the 20 year date. In some cases, the patent term may be extended to recapture a portion of the term lost during FDA regulatory review or because of U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) delays in prosecuting the application. The duration of foreign patents varies similarly, in accordance with local law.

 

We also rely upon unpatented confidential information to remain competitive. We protect such information principally through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, scientists whose research we sponsor and other advisers. In the case of our employees, these agreements also

provide, in compliance with relevant law, that inventions and other intellectual property conceived by such employees during their employment shall be our exclusive property.

 

Our trademarks, including RITUXAN and AVONEX, are important to us and are generally covered by trademark applications or registrations in the USPTO and the patent offices of other countries. We also use trademarks licensed from third parties, such as the mark TYSABRI which we license from Elan. Trademark protection varies in accordance with local law, and continues in some countries as long as the mark is used and in other countries as long as the mark is registered. Trademark registrations generally are for fixed but renewable terms.

 

Our patent position and proprietary rights are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. For additional information about certain risks and uncertainties that may affect our patent position and proprietary rights, please read the “Risk Factors” section of this report.

 

Additional information about the patents and other proprietary rights covering our marketed products is set forth below.

 

AVONEX and Beta Interferon

 

Our U.S. patent No. 7,588,755, granted in September 2009, claims the use of beta interferon for immunomodulation or treating a viral condition, viral disease, cancers or tumors. This patent, which expires in September 2026, covers, among other things, the treatment of MS with our product AVONEX. This issuance of this patent extends the expected remaining life of the intangible asset related to our AVONEX core technology. For information about legal proceedings related to this patent, please read Note 20, Litigation to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

We have non-exclusive rights under certain third-party patents and patent applications to manufacture, use and sell AVONEX, including patents owned by the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research which expire in 2011 and 2013 in the U.S., and a European patent owned by Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, which expires in 2012. Additionally, third parties own pending U.S. patent applications related to recombinant interferon-beta. These applications, which fall outside of the GATT amendments to the U.S. patent statute, are not published by the USPTO and, if they mature into granted patents, may be entitled to a term of seventeen years from the grant date. There is at least one pending interference proceeding in the USPTO involving such third party applications, and additional interferences could be declared in the future. We are unable to predict which, if any, such applications will mature into patents with claims relevant to our AVONEX product.

 

TYSABRI

 

We and our collaborator, Elan, have patents and patent applications covering TYSABRI in the U.S. and other countries. These patents and patent applications cover TYSABRI and related manufacturing methods, as well as various methods of treatment using the product. In the U.S., the principal patents covering the product and use of the product to treat MS generally expire between 2015 and 2020. Additional U.S. patents and applications covering other indications, including treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and methods of manufacturing generally expire between 2012 and 2020. In the rest of world, patents on the product and methods of manufacturing the product generally expire between 2015 and 2020, subject to any supplemental protection (i.e., patent term extension) certificates that may be obtained. In the rest of world, patents and patent applications covering methods of treatment using TYSABRI generally expire between 2012 and 2020.

 

RITUXAN and Anti-CD20 Antibodies

 

We have several U.S. patents and patent applications, and numerous corresponding foreign counterparts, directed to anti-CD20 antibody technology, including RITUXAN. The principal patents with claims to RITUXAN or its uses expire in the U.S. between 2015 and 2018 and in the rest of the world in 2013, subject to any available patent term extensions. In addition, we and our collaborator, Genentech, have filed numerous patent applications directed to anti-CD20 antibodies and their uses to treat various diseases. These pending patent applications have the potential of issuing as patents in the U.S. and in the rest of world with claims to anti-CD20 antibody molecules for

periods beyond that stated above for RITUXAN. In 2008, a European patent of ours claiming the treatment with anti-CD20 antibodies of certain auto-immune indications, including RA, was revoked by the European Patent Office. We are appealing that decision.

 

Genentech, our collaborator on RITUXAN, has secured an exclusive license to five U.S. patents and counterpart U.S. and foreign patent applications assigned to Xoma Corporation that relate to chimeric antibodies against the CD20 antigen. These patents expire between 2007 and 2014. Genentech has granted us a non-exclusive sublicense to make, have made, use and sell RITUXAN under these patents and patent applications. We, along with Genentech, share the cost of any royalties due to Xoma in our co-promotion territory on sales of RITUXAN.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

 

We focus our sales and marketing efforts on specialist physicians in private practice or at major medical centers. We use customary pharmaceutical company practices to market our products and to educate physicians, such as sales representatives calling on individual physicians, advertisements, professional symposia, direct mail, public relations and other methods. We provide customer service and other related programs for our products, such as disease and product-specific websites, insurance research services and order, delivery and fulfillment services. We have also established programs in the U.S. which provide qualified uninsured or underinsured patients with marketed products at no or reduced charge, based on specific eligibility criteria. Additional information about our sales, marketing and distribution efforts for our marketed products is set forth below.

 

AVONEX

 

We continue to focus our marketing and sales activities on maximizing the potential of AVONEX in the U.S. and the rest of world in the face of increased competition. The principal markets for AVONEX are the U.S., Germany, France and Italy. In the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Japan and most of the major countries of the E.U., we market and sell AVONEX through our own sales forces and marketing groups and distribute AVONEX principally through wholesale distributors of pharmaceutical products, mail order specialty distributors or shipping service providers. In other countries, we sell AVONEX to distribution partners who are then responsible for most marketing and distribution activities.

 

TYSABRI

 

The principal markets for TYSABRI are the U.S., Germany, France and Italy.

 

In the U.S., we are principally responsible for marketing TYSABRI for MS and use our own sales force and marketing group for this. Elan is responsible for TYSABRI distribution in the U.S. and uses a third party distributor to ship TYSABRI directly to customers.

 

In the rest of world, we are responsible for TYSABRI marketing and distribution and we use a combination of our own sales force and marketing group and third party service providers.

 

FUMADERM

 

FUMADERM is marketed only in Germany. We have been marketing and distributing FUMADERM directly in Germany since February 2009 and previously used a third party service provider.

 

RITUXAN

 

The Roche Group and its sublicensees market and sell RITUXAN worldwide. In the U.S, we had previously contributed a sales force and other resources to the marketing of RITUXAN. In connection with our framework for growth initiative, we reached an agreement with Genentech to eliminate our RITUXAN oncology and rheumatology sales force, with Genentech assuming sole responsibility for the U.S. sales and marketing efforts related to RITUXAN. Notwithstanding this operational decision, we continue to collaborate with Genentech on the development and commercialization of RITUXAN. RITUXAN is generally sold to wholesalers, specialty distributors and directly to hospital pharmacies.

Competition

 

Competition in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries is intense and comes from many and varied sources, including specialized biotechnology firms and large pharmaceutical companies. Many of our competitors are working to develop products similar to those we are developing or already market and have considerable experience in undertaking clinical trials and in obtaining regulatory approval to market pharmaceutical products. Certain of these companies have substantially greater financial, marketing and research and development resources than we do.

 

We believe that competition and leadership in the industry will be based on managerial and technological superiority and establishing patent and other proprietary positions through research and development. The achievement of a leadership position also depends largely upon our ability to identify and exploit commercially the products resulting from research and the availability of adequate financial resources to fund facilities, equipment, personnel, clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing. Another key aspect of remaining competitive within the industry is recruiting and retaining qualified scientists and technicians. We believe that we have been successful in attracting skilled and experienced scientific personnel.

 

Competition among products approved for sale may be based, among other things, on patent position, product efficacy, safety, convenience, reliability, availability and price. In addition, early entry of a new pharmaceutical product into the market may have important advantages in gaining product acceptance and market share. Accordingly, the relative speed with which we can develop products, complete the testing and approval process and supply commercial quantities of products will have an important impact on our competitive position.

 

We may face increased competitive pressures as a result of the emergence of biosimilars. In the United States, most of our marketed products, including AVONEX, RITUXAN and TYSABRI, are licensed under the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) as biological products. In March 2010, U.S. healthcare reform legislation amended the PHSA to authorize the FDA to approve biological products, known as biosimilars or follow-on biologics, that are shown to be highly similar to previously approved biological products based upon potentially abbreviated data packages. The approval pathway for biosimilars does, however, grant a biologics manufacturer a 12 year period of exclusivity from the date of approval of its biological product before biosimilar competition can be introduced. Biosimilars legislation has also been in place in the E.U. since 2003. In November 2010, draft guidelines issued by the EMA for approving biosimilars of marketed monoclonal antibody products were adopted by the CHMP. These guidelines are now out for public consultation. If a biosimilar version of one of our products were approved, it could reduce our sales of that product.

 

Additional information about the competition that our marketed products face is set forth below.

 

AVONEX AND TYSABRI

 

AVONEX and TYSABRI both compete with the following products:

 

 

 

Along with us, a number of companies are working to develop additional treatments for MS that may in the future compete with AVONEX and TYSABRI. For example, an oral formulation of cladribine (developed by Merck Serono) has recently been approved for use in Australia and Russia. LEMTRADA (alemtuzumab) (developed by Genzyme Corporation), teriflunomide (developed by Sanofi-Aventis) and laquinimod (developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries) are in late-stage development for the treatment of MS. In addition, the commercialization of certain of our own pipeline product candidates, such as BG-12, may also negatively impact future sales of AVONEX and TYSABRI.

 

FUMADERM

 

FUMADERM competes with several different types of therapies in the psoriasis market within Germany, including oral systemics such as methotrexate and cyclosporine.

 

RITUXAN IN ONCOLOGY

 

RITUXAN competes with several different types of therapies in the oncology market, including:

 

 

We are also aware of other anti-CD20 molecules in development that, if successfully developed and registered, may compete with RITUXAN in the oncology market.

 

RITUXAN IN RA

 

RITUXAN competes with several different types of therapies in the RA market, including:

 

 

We are also aware of other products in development that, if successfully developed and registered, may compete with RITUXAN in the RA market.

Regulatory

 

Our current and contemplated activities and the products and processes that will result from such activities are subject to substantial government regulation.

 

Regulation of Pharmaceuticals

 

Before new pharmaceutical products may be sold in the U.S. and other countries, preclinical studies and clinical trials of the products must be conducted and the results submitted to appropriate regulatory agencies for approval. Clinical trial programs must establish efficacy, determine an appropriate dose and regimen, and define the conditions for safe use. This is a high-risk process that requires stepwise clinical studies in which the candidate product must successfully meet predetermined endpoints. In the U.S., the results of the preclinical and clinical

testing of a product are then submitted to the FDA in the form of a Biologics License Application (BLA) or a New Drug Application (NDA). In response to a BLA or NDA, the FDA may grant marketing approval, request additional information or deny the application if it determines the application does not provide an adequate basis for approval. Similar submissions are required by authorities in other jurisdictions who independently assess the product and may reach the same or different conclusions. Our initial focus for obtaining marketing approval outside the U.S. is typically the E.U. There are currently three potential tracks for marketing approval in E.U. countries: mutual recognition, decentralized procedures, and centralized procedures. These review mechanisms may ultimately lead to approval in all countries within the E.U., but each method grants all participating countries some decision-making authority in product approval.

 

The receipt of regulatory approval often takes a number of years, involves the expenditure of substantial resources and depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the disease in question, the availability of alternative treatments, potential safety signals observed in preclinical or clinical tests, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in clinical trials. On occasion, regulatory authorities may require larger or additional studies, leading to unanticipated delay or expense. Even after initial FDA approval or approvals from other regulatory agencies have been obtained, further clinical trials may be required to provide additional data on safety and effectiveness. Additional trials are required to gain approval for the use of a product as a treatment for indications other than those initially approved. Furthermore, the FDA and other regulatory agencies require companies to register clinical trials and disclose clinical trial results in public databases. Failure to register a trial or disclose study results within the required time periods could result in penalties, including civil monetary penalties.

 

In the U.S., the FDA may grant “accelerated approval” status to products that treat serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefits to patients over existing treatments. Under this pathway, the FDA may approve a product based on surrogate endpoints, or clinical endpoints other than survival or irreversible morbidity. When approval is based on surrogate endpoints or clinical endpoints other than survival or morbidity, the sponsor will be required to conduct additional post-approval clinical studies to verify and describe clinical benefit. Under the Agency’s Accelerated Approval regulations, FDA may also provide approval with restrictions to assure safe use. Within this section of the Accelerated Approval regulations, if FDA concludes that a drug that has shown to be effective can be safely used only if distribution or use is restricted, they will require such post-marketing restrictions as necessary to assure safe use. When a drug approved under these conditions requires restricted use or distribution to ensure its safe use, the sponsor may be required to establish rigorous systems to assure use of the product under safe conditions. These systems are usually referred to as Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). In addition, for all products approved under accelerated approval, sponsors must submit all copies of their promotional materials, including advertisements, to the FDA at least thirty days prior to initial dissemination. The FDA may withdraw approval under accelerated approval after a hearing if, for instance, post-marketing studies fail to verify any clinical benefit or it becomes clear that restrictions on the distribution of the product are inadequate to ensure its safe use. TYSABRI was initially approved in MS under the accelerated approval pathway and, following such approval and after efficacy was confirmed, a stringent restricted distribution program was agreed upon. We cannot be certain that the FDA will approve any products for their proposed indications whether under accelerated approval or another pathway.

 

In addition, the FDA may grant “fast track” status to products that treat serious diseases and fill an unmet medical need. Fast track is a process designed to expedite the review of such products by providing, among other things, more frequent meetings with the FDA to discuss the product’s development plan, more frequent written correspondence from the FDA about trial design, eligibility for accelerated approval, and rolling review, which allows submission of individually completed sections of a NDA for FDA review before the entire NDA is completed. Fast track status does not ensure that a product will be developed more quickly or receive FDA approval.

 

If the FDA or other regulatory agency approves a product or new indication, the agency may require us to conduct additional post-marketing studies. If we fail to conduct the required studies or otherwise fail to comply with the conditions of accelerated approval, the agency may withdraw its approval. In addition, the FDA and EMA can impose financial penalties for failing to comply with certain post-marketing commitments, including REMS.

 

Regulatory authorities track information on side effects and adverse events reported during clinical studies and after marketing approval. Non-compliance with regulatory authorities’ safety reporting requirements may result in civil or criminal penalties. Side effects or adverse events that are reported during clinical trials can delay, impede, or

prevent marketing approval. Regulatory authorities may conduct post-marketing safety surveillance and may require additional post-approval studies or clinical trials. These requirements may affect our ability to maintain marketing approval of our products or require us to make significant expenditures to obtain or maintain such approvals. In addition, adverse events that are reported after marketing approval can result in changes to the product’s labeling, additional limitations being placed on the product’s use and, potentially, withdrawal or suspension of the product from the market.

 

If we seek to make certain types of changes to an approved product, such as adding a new indication, making certain manufacturing changes, or changing manufacturers or suppliers of certain ingredients or components, regulatory authorities, including the FDA and EMA, will need to review and approve such changes in advance. Such regulatory reviews can result in denial or modification of the planned changes, or requirements to conduct additional tests or evaluations that can substantially delay or increase the cost of the planned changes.

 

In addition, the FDA regulates all advertising and promotion activities for products under its jurisdiction both before and after approval. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA. However, physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the drug’s labeling. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties, and often reflect a physician’s belief that the off-label use is the best treatment for patients. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments, but the FDA regulations do impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label uses. Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements may subject a company to adverse publicity, enforcement action by the FDA, corrective advertising, and the full range of civil and criminal penalties available to the FDA. Similar regulations are in place in outside the U.S.

 

Good Manufacturing Practices

 

The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies regulate and inspect equipment, facilities, and processes used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and biologic products prior to approving a product. If, after receiving clearance from regulatory agencies, a company makes a material change in manufacturing equipment, location, or process, additional regulatory review and approval may be required. We also must adhere to current Good Manufacturing Practices and product-specific regulations enforced by the FDA following product approval. The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies also conduct periodic visits to re-inspect equipment, facilities, and processes following the initial approval of a product. If, as a result of these inspections, it is determined that our equipment, facilities, or processes do not comply with applicable regulations and conditions of product approval, regulatory agencies may seek civil, criminal, or administrative sanctions or remedies against us, including the suspension of our manufacturing operations.

 

Good Clinical Practices

 

The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies promulgate regulations and standards, commonly referred to as current Good Clinical Practices (cGCP), for designing, conducting, monitoring, auditing and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are accurate and that the rights and welfare of trial participants are adequately protected. The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies enforce cGCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites, contract research organizations (CROs), and institutional review boards. If our studies fail to comply with applicable cGCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and relevant regulatory agencies may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Noncompliance can also result in civil or criminal sanctions. We rely on third parties, including CROs, to carry out many of our clinical trial-related activities. Failure of such third party to comply with cGCP can likewise result in rejection of our clinical trial data or other sanctions.

 

Orphan Drug Act

 

Under the U.S. Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a “rare disease or condition,” which generally is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. If a product which has an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, i.e., the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years following marketing approval, except in certain very limited circumstances, such as if the later product is shown to be

clinically superior to the orphan product. Legislation similar to the U.S. Orphan Drug Act has been enacted in other countries, including within the E.U.

 

Regulation Pertaining to Sales, Marketing and Product Pricing

 

The U.S. and foreign governments regularly consider reforming health care coverage and costs. Such reform may include changes to the coverage and reimbursement of our products which may have a significant impact on our business.

 

In 2010, significant healthcare reform legislation was enacted in the U.S., which has had and will continue to have an impact our business by:

 

 

Considerable uncertainty remains surrounding determinations necessary to implement the new legislation. For example, determinations as to how the Medicare coverage gap will operate remain to be clarified. In addition, uncertainty also exists as to when and how discounts will be provided to the additional hospitals eligible to participate under the 340B program. In addition, in November 2010 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) amended and then withdrew current regulations governing calculation of AMP; however, no replacement regulations have been proposed.

 

Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that is administered by the states for low income and disabled beneficiaries. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, we are required to pay a rebate for each unit of product reimbursed by the state Medicaid programs. The amount of the rebate for each product is set by law as the larger of 23.1% of AMP or the difference between AMP and the best price available from us to any commercial or non-governmental customer. The rebate amount must be adjusted upward where the AMP for a product’s first full quarter of sales, when adjusted for increases in the CPI-U, or Consumer Price Index — Urban, exceeds the AMP for the current quarter with the upward adjustment equal to the excess amount. The rebate amount is required to be recomputed each quarter based on our report of current AMP and best price for each of our products to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The terms of our participation in the program impose a requirement for us to report revisions to AMP or best price within a period not to exceed 12 quarters from the quarter in which the data was originally due. Any such revisions could have the impact of increasing or decreasing our rebate liability for prior quarters, depending on the direction of the revision. In addition, if we were found to have knowingly submitted false information to the government, the statute provides for civil monetary penalties in an amount not to exceed $100,000 per item of false information, in addition to other penalties available to the government.

 

Medicare is a federal program that is administered by the federal government that covers individuals age 65 and over as well as those with certain disabilities. Medicare Part B pays physicians that administer our products under a payment methodology using average sales price, or ASP, information. Manufacturers, including us, are required to provide ASP information to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services on a quarterly basis. The manufacturer-submitted information is used to compute Medicare payment rates, which are set at ASP plus 6 percent and updated quarterly. There is a mechanism for comparison of such payment rates to widely available market prices, which could cause further decreases in Medicare payment rates, although this mechanism has yet to be utilized. Effective January 1, 2006, Medicare began to use the same ASP plus 6 percent payment methodology to determine Medicare rates paid for products furnished by hospital outpatient departments. As of January 1, 2009, the

reimbursement rate in the hospital outpatient setting was ASP plus 4 percent. The reimbursement rate in the hospital outpatient setting was increased to ASP plus 5 percent effective January 1, 2011. If a manufacturer is found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of ASP, the statute provides for civil monetary penalties of up to $10,000 for each misrepresentation and for each day in which the misrepresentation was applied.

 

The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 established the Medicare Part D program to provide voluntary prescription drug benefit to enrolled Medicare patients. This is a voluntary benefit that is being implemented through private plans under contractual arrangements with the federal government. Like pharmaceutical coverage through private health insurance, Part D plans establish formularies that govern the drugs and biologicals that will be offered and the out-of-pocket obligations for such products. In addition, plans negotiate discounts from drug manufacturers and pass on some of those savings to Medicare beneficiaries.

 

The availability of federal funds to pay for our products under the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs requires that we extend discounts under the 340B/PHS drug pricing program. The 340B/PHS drug pricing program extends discounts to a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the PHS, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of poor Medicare beneficiaries.

 

We also make our products available for purchase by authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) of the General Services Administration pursuant to our FSS contract with the Department of Veterans Affairs. Under the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 (VHC Act) we are required to offer deeply discounted FSS contract pricing to four Federal agencies — the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, the Coast Guard and the PHS (including the Indian Health Service) — for federal funding to be made available for reimbursement of any of our products under the Medicaid program and for our products to be eligible to be purchased by those four Federal agencies and certain Federal grantees. FSS pricing to those four Federal agencies must be equal to or less than the “Federal Ceiling Price,” which is, at a minimum, 24% below the Non-Federal Average Manufacturer Price (Non-FAMP) for the prior fiscal year. In addition, if we are found to have knowingly submitted false information to the government, the VHC Act provides for civil monetary penalties up to $100,000 per false item of information in addition to other penalties available to the government.

 

Under the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act, we are required to treat the TRICARE retail pharmacy program, which reimburses military personnel for drug purchases from retail pharmacies, as an element of the Department of Defense to ensure the application of the VHC Act’s pricing standards.

 

We are also subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to health care “fraud and abuse,” including anti-kickback laws and false claims laws. Anti-kickback laws make it illegal for a prescription drug manufacturer to solicit, offer, receive, or pay any remuneration in exchange for, or to induce, the referral of business, including the purchase or prescription of a particular drug. Due to the breadth of the statutory provisions and the absence of guidance in the form of regulations and very few court decisions addressing industry practices, it is possible that our practices might be challenged under anti-kickback or similar laws. False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly and willingly presenting, or causing to be presented for payment to third party payors (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for reimbursed drugs or services that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. In addition, several states require that companies implement compliance programs or comply with industry ethics codes, adopt spending limits, and report to state governments any gifts, compensation, and other remuneration provided to physicians. Federal legislation, the Physician Payments Sunshine Act of 2009, also has been proposed that would require disclosure to the federal government of payments to physicians. Our activities relating to the sale and marketing of our products may be subject to scrutiny under these laws. Violations of fraud and abuse laws may be punishable by criminal or civil sanctions, including fines and civil monetary penalties, as well as the possibility of exclusion from federal health care programs (including Medicare and Medicaid). If the government were to allege or convict us of violating these laws, our business could be harmed. In addition, private individuals may bring similar actions.

 

Our activities could be subject to challenge for the reasons discussed above and due to the broad scope of these laws and the increasing attention being given to them by law enforcement authorities. Further, there are an increasing number of state laws that require manufacturers to make reports to states on pricing and marketing information. Many of these laws contain ambiguous requirements. Given the lack of clarity in laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state authorities.

Future legislation or regulatory actions implementing recent or future legislation may have a significant effect on our business. Our ability to successfully commercialize products may depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the costs of our products and related treatments will be available in the U.S. and worldwide from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Substantial uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status by third party payors of newly approved health care products.

 

Other Regulations

 

Foreign Anti-Corruption

 

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which prohibits U.S. corporations and their representatives from paying, offering to pay, promising, authorizing, or making payments of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party, or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. In many countries, the health care professionals we regularly interact with may meet the FCPA’s definition of a foreign government official. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect their transactions and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

 

In 2010, the Bribery Act was passed in the United Kingdom, which proscribes giving and receiving bribes in the public and private sectors, bribing a foreign public official, and failing to have adequate procedures to prevent employees and other agents from giving bribes. U.S. corporations that conduct business in the United Kingdom generally will be subject to the Bribery Act. Penalties under the Bribery Act include potentially unlimited fines for corporations and criminal sanctions for corporate officers under certain circumstances.

 

NIH Guidelines

 

We conduct research at our U.S. facilities in compliance with the current U.S. National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) and all other applicable federal and state regulations. By local ordinance, we are required to, among other things, comply with the NIH Guidelines in relation to our facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and are required to operate pursuant to certain permits.

 

Other Laws

 

Our present and future business has been and will continue to be subject to various other laws and regulations. Various laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and the purchase, storage, movement, import and export and use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our research work are or may be applicable to our activities. Certain agreements entered into by us involving exclusive license rights may be subject to national or international antitrust regulatory control, the effect of which cannot be predicted. The extent of government regulation, which might result from future legislation or administrative action, cannot accurately be predicted.

Manufacturing and Raw Materials

 

We are focused on the manufacture of biologics. The chart below outlines the location of our primary manufacturing locations and products manufactured therein.

 

 

We currently produce all of our bulk AVONEX at our manufacturing facilities located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (RTP) and Cambridge, Massachusetts. We currently produce TYSABRI at our RTP facility. In April 2009, the FDA approved our high titer process for the production of TYSABRI. Similar approval was obtained from

the EMA in December 2008. Genentech is responsible for all worldwide manufacturing activities for bulk RITUXAN and has sourced the manufacturing of certain bulk RITUXAN requirements to an independent third party.

 

We plan to stop further validation of our large-scale manufacturing facility in Hillerød, Denmark following completion of the facility’s operational qualification activities in the first half of 2011 as we continue to evaluate our current manufacturing utilization strategy. This facility is intended to manufacture large molecule products. Recent manufacturing improvements have resulted in favorable production yields on TYSABRI, that along with slower than expected TYSABRI growth, have reduced our expected capacity requirements. As a result, we have decided to delay the start of manufacturing activities at this site until additional capacity is required by the business.

 

We source all of our fill-finish and the majority of final product storage operations for our products, along with a substantial part of our packaging operations, to a concentrated group of third party contractors. Many of the raw materials and supplies required for the production of AVONEX, TYSABRI and FUMADERM are available from various suppliers in quantities adequate to meet our needs. However, due to the unique nature of the production of our products, we do have single source providers of several raw materials. We make efforts to qualify new vendors and to develop contingency plans so that production is not impacted by short-term issues associated with single source providers. Each of our third party service providers, suppliers and manufacturers is subject to continuing inspection by the FDA or comparable agencies in other jurisdictions. Any delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the manufacture, fill-finish, packaging or storage of our products, including as a result of a failure of our facilities or the facilities or operations of third parties to pass any regulatory agency inspection, could significantly impair our ability to sell our products.

 

Important factors that could adversely affect our manufacturing operations are discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this report.

Our Employees

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had approximately 4,850 employees worldwide. We are in the process of completing a 13% reduction in our workforce as part of our framework for growth initiatives. This workforce reduction impacts our sales, research and development and administrative functions.

Our Executive Officers (as of February 4, 2011)

 

George A. Scangos, Ph.D., 62, is our Chief Executive Officer and has served in this position since July 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Scangos served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Exelixis, Inc., a life sciences company, since October 1996, where he continues to serve on the board. From 1993 to 1996, Dr. Scangos served as President of Bayer Biotechnology, where he was responsible for research, business development, process development, manufacturing, engineering and quality assurance of Bayer’s biological products. Before joining Bayer in 1987, Dr. Scangos was a Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University for six years. Dr. Scangos served as non-executive Chairman of Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from 2005 to July 2010 and was a director of the company since 2003. Dr. Scangos served as the Chair of the California Healthcare Institute in 2010, was a member of the Board of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Developments until 2010, and is a director of Foundation Sante. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, and the National Board of Visitors of the University of California, Davis School of Medicine. He is currently an Adjunct Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Scangos was a Jane Coffin Childs Post-Doctoral Fellow at Yale University. Dr. Scangos holds a B.A. in Biology from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of Massachusetts.

 

Susan H. Alexander, 54, is our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary and has served in these positions since January 2006. Prior to that, Ms. Alexander served as the Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of PAREXEL International Corporation, a biopharmaceutical services company, since September 2003. From June 2001 to September 2003, Ms. Alexander served as General Counsel of IONA Technologies, a software company. Prior to that, Ms. Alexander served as Counsel at Cabot Corporation, a specialty chemicals and performance materials company, from January 1995 to May 2001. Prior to that, Ms. Alexander was a partner at the law firms of Hinckley, Allen & Snyder and Fine & Ambrogne.

 

Paul J. Clancy, 49, is our Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer and has served in these positions since August 2007. Mr. Clancy joined Biogen, Inc. in 2001 and has held several senior executive positions with us, including Vice President of Business Planning, Portfolio Management and U.S. Marketing, and Senior Vice President

of Finance with responsibilities for leading the Treasury, Tax, Investor Relations and Business Planning groups. Prior to that, he spent 13 years at PepsiCo, a food and beverage company, serving in a range of financial and general management positions. He holds a B.S. in finance from Babson College and a M.B.A. from Columbia University.

 

John G. Cox, 48, is our Executive Vice President, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology and has served in this position since June 2010. Mr. Cox joined Biogen, Inc. in 2003 and has held several senior executive positions with us, including Senior Vice President of Technical Operations, Senior Vice President of Global Manufacturing, and Vice President of Manufacturing and General Manager of Biogen Idec’s operations in RTP. Prior to that, Mr. Cox held a number of senior operational roles at Diosynth, a life sciences manufacturing and services company, where he worked in technology transfer, validation and purification. Prior to that, Mr. Cox focused on the same areas at Wyeth Corporation, a life sciences company, from 1993 to 2000.

 

Robert E. Gagnon, 36, is our Vice President, Finance, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller and has served in these positions since November 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Gagnon served as Vice President, Finance and Controller from July 2007 to November 2010, and Director of Corporate Accounting from October 2005 to July 2007. Prior to that, Mr. Gagnon worked in the business advisory and assurance practices of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Gagnon is a certified public accountant and holds an M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

 

Francesco Granata, M.D., 60, is our Executive Vice President, Global Commercial Operations and has served in this position since January 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Granata served as Group Vice President and President of EUCAN Region in the Global Pharmaceutical Business at Schering-Plough Corporation, a pharmaceutical company, from September 2005 to November 2010. Prior to that, Dr. Granata worked in commercial leadership positions at Pfizer, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, from 2003 to 2005 and at Pharmacia Corporation, a life sciences company, from 1999 to 2003.

 

Stephen H. Holtzman, 56, is our Executive Vice President, Corporate Development and has served in this position since January 2011. Prior to that, Mr. Holtzman was a founder of Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a drug discovery and development company, where he has served as Chair of the Board of Directors since 2001, and served as Executive Chair of the Board of Directors in 2010 and as Chief Executive Officer from 2001 to December 2009. From 1994 to 2001, Mr. Holtzman was Chief Business Officer at Millenium Pharmaceuticals Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From 1986 to 1994, he was the co-founder, member of the Board of Directors and Executive Vice President of DNX Corporation, a biotechnology company. From 1996 to 2001, Mr. Holtzman served as presidential appointee to the national Bioethics Advisory Commission.

 

Craig Eric Schneier, Ph.D., 63, is our Executive Vice President, Human Resources, Public Affairs and Communications and has served in this position since October 2007. Dr. Schneier joined Biogen, Inc. in 2001 and has held several senior executive positions with us, including Executive Vice President, Human Resources and Senior Vice President, Strategic Organization Design and Effectiveness. Prior to that, Dr. Schneier was president of his own management consulting firm in Princeton, NJ, where he provided consulting services to over 70 of the Fortune 100 companies, as well as several of the largest European and Asian firms. Dr. Schneier held a tenured professorship at the University of Maryland’s Smith School of Business and has held teaching positions at the business schools of the University of Michigan, Columbia University, and at the Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College.

 

Douglas E. Williams, Ph.D., 52, is our Executive Vice President, Research and Development and has served in this position since January 2011. Prior to that, Dr. Williams held several senior executive positions at ZymoGenetics Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, including Chief Executive Officer and a director from January 2009 to October 2010, President and Chief Scientific Officer from July 2007 to January 2009, and Executive Vice President, Research and Development and Chief Scientific Officer from 2004 to July 2007. Prior to that, he held leadership positions within the biotechnology industry, including Chief Scientific Officer and Executive Vice President of Research and Development at Seattle Genetics Inc., a biotechnology company, from 2003 to 2004, and Senior Vice President and Washington Site Leader at Amgen Inc., a biotechnology company, in 2002. Dr. Williams also served in a series of scientific and senior leadership positions over a decade at Immunex Corp., a biopharmaceutical company, including Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Senior Vice President of Discovery Research, Vice President of Research and Development and as a director. Prior to that, Dr. Williams served on the faculty of the Indiana University School of Medicine and the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York.

 

We are substantially dependent on revenues from our three principal products.

 

Our current and future revenues depend upon continued sales of our three principal products, AVONEX, RITUXAN and TYSABRI, which represented substantially all of our total revenues during 2010. Although we have developed and continue to develop additional products for commercial introduction, we may be substantially dependent on sales from these three products for many years. Any negative developments relating to any of these products, such as safety or efficacy issues, the introduction or greater acceptance of competing products, including biosimilars, or adverse regulatory or legislative developments may reduce our revenues and adversely affect our results of operations. New competing products for use in multiple sclerosis are beginning to enter the market and if they have a similar or more attractive profile in terms of efficacy, convenience or safety, future sales of AVONEX and TYSABRI could be limited, which would reduce our revenues.

 

TYSABRI’s sales growth is important to our success.

 

We expect that our revenue growth over the next several years will be dependent in part upon sales of TYSABRI. If we are not successful in growing sales of TYSABRI, our future business plans, revenue growth and results of operations may be adversely affected.

 

TYSABRI’s sales growth cannot be certain given the significant restrictions on use and the significant safety warnings in the label, including the risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a serious brain infection. The risk of developing PML increases with prior immunosuppressant use, which may cause patients who have previously received immunosuppressants or their physicians to refrain from using or prescribing TYSABRI. The risk of developing PML also increases with longer treatment duration, with limited experience beyond three years. This may cause prescribing physicians or patients to suspend treatment with TYSABRI. Increased incidences of PML could limit sales growth, prompt regulatory review, require significant changes to the label or result in market withdrawal. Additional regulatory restrictions on the use of TYSABRI or safety-related label changes, including enhanced risk management programs, whether as a result of additional cases of PML or otherwise, may significantly reduce expected revenues and require significant expense and management time to address the associated legal and regulatory issues. In addition, ongoing or future clinical trials involving TYSABRI and efforts at stratifying patients into groups with lower or higher risk for developing PML, including evaluating the potential clinical utility of a JC virus antibody assay, may have an adverse impact on prescribing behavior and reduce sales of TYSABRI.

 

If we fail to compete effectively, our business and market position would suffer.

 

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is intensely competitive. We compete in the marketing and sale of our products, the development of new products and processes, the acquisition of rights to new products with commercial potential and the hiring and retention of personnel. We compete with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have a greater number of products on the market and in the product pipeline, greater financial and other resources and other technological or competitive advantages. One or more of our competitors may benefit from significantly greater sales and marketing capabilities, may develop products that are accepted more widely than ours and may receive patent protection that dominates, blocks or adversely affects our product development or business. In addition, recently enacted healthcare reform legislation in the U.S. has created a pathway for the FDA to approve biosimilars, which could compete on price and differentiation with products that we now or could in the future market. The introduction of more efficacious, safer, cheaper, or more convenient alternatives to our products could reduce our revenues and the value of our product development efforts.

 

Our long-term success depends upon the successful development and commercialization of other product candidates.

 

Our long-term viability and growth will depend upon the successful development and commercialization of other products from our research and development activities, including products licensed from third parties. In addition, we have several late-stage clinical programs expected to have near-term data readouts that could impact our prospects for additional revenue growth. Product development and commercialization are very expensive and

involve a high degree of risk. Only a small number of research and development programs result in the commercialization of a product. Success in preclinical work or early stage clinical trials does not ensure that later stage or larger scale clinical trials will be successful. Even if later stage clinical trials are successful, product candidates may not receive marketing approval if regulatory authorities disagree with our view of the data or require additional studies.

 

Conducting clinical trials is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process. Our ability to complete our clinical trials in a timely fashion depends in large part on a number of key factors including protocol design, regulatory and institutional review board approval, the rate of patient enrollment in clinical trials, and compliance with extensive current good clinical practice requirements. We have opened clinical sites and are enrolling patients in a number of new countries where our experience is more limited, and we are in many cases using the services of third-party clinical trial providers. If we fail to adequately manage the design, execution and regulatory aspects of our large, complex and diverse clinical trials, our studies and ultimately our regulatory approvals may be delayed or we may fail to gain approval for our product candidates altogether.

 

Our product pipeline includes several small molecule drug candidates. Our small molecule drug discovery platform is not as well developed as our biologics platform and we expect to rely on third party manufacturers to supply substantially all of our clinical requirements for small molecules. If these manufacturers fail to deliver sufficient quantities of such drug candidates in a timely and cost-effective manner, it could adversely affect our small molecule drug discovery efforts.

 

Adverse safety events can negatively affect our business and stock price.

 

Adverse safety events involving our marketed products may have a negative impact on our commercialization efforts. Later discovery of safety issues with our products that were not known at the time of their approval by the FDA or other regulatory agencies worldwide could cause product liability events, additional regulatory scrutiny and requirements for additional labeling, withdrawal of products from the market and the imposition of fines or criminal penalties. Any of these actions could result in, among other things, material write-offs of inventory and impairments of intangible assets, goodwill and fixed assets and material restructuring charges. In addition, the reporting of adverse safety events involving our products and public rumors about such events could cause our stock price to decline or experience periods of volatility.

 

We depend, to a significant extent, on reimbursement from third party payors and a reduction in the extent of reimbursement could reduce our product sales and revenue.

 

Sales of our products are dependent, in large part, on the availability and extent of reimbursement from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Changes in government regulations or private third-party payors’ reimbursement policies may reduce reimbursement for our products and adversely affect our future results. In addition, when a new medical product is approved, the availability of government and private reimbursement for that product is uncertain, as is the amount for which that product will be reimbursed. We cannot predict the availability or amount of reimbursement for our product candidates.

 

The U.S. Congress recently enacted legislation to reform the health care system. This legislation imposes cost containment measures that have adversely affected the amount of reimbursement for our products. These measures include increasing the minimum rebates we pay to state Medicaid programs for our drugs covered by Medicaid programs; extending such rebates to drugs dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; and expanding the 340B Public Health Service drug discount program under which we are obligated to provide certain discounts on our drugs to certain purchasers. Additional provisions of the health care reform legislation, which become effective in 2011, may negatively affect our revenues and prospects for profitability in the future. Beginning in 2011, a new fee will be payable by all branded prescription drug manufacturers and importers. This fee will be calculated based upon each organization’s percentage share of total branded prescription drugs sales to qualifying U.S. government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. As part of the health care reform legislation’s provisions closing a coverage gap that currently exists in the Medicare Part D prescription drug

program (commonly known as the “donut hole”), we will also be required to provide a 50% discount on brand name prescription drugs sold to beneficiaries who fall within the donut hole.

 

Economic pressure on state budgets may result in states increasingly seeking to achieve budget savings through mechanisms that limit coverage or payment for our drugs. In recent years, some states have considered legislation that would control the prices of drugs. State Medicaid programs are increasingly requesting manufacturers to pay supplemental rebates and requiring prior authorization by the state program for use of any drug for which supplemental rebates are not being paid. Managed care organizations continue to seek price discounts and, in some cases, to impose restrictions on the coverage of particular drugs. Government efforts to reduce Medicaid expenses may lead to increased use of managed care organizations by Medicaid programs. This may result in managed care organizations influencing prescription decisions for a larger segment of the population and a corresponding constraint on prices and reimbursement for our products. It is likely that federal and state legislatures and health agencies will continue to focus on additional health care reform in the future.

 

We encounter similar regulatory and legislative issues in most other countries. In the European Union and some other international markets, the government provides health care at low cost to consumers and regulates pharmaceutical prices, patient eligibility or reimbursement levels to control costs for the government-sponsored health care system. Many countries are reducing their public expenditures and we expect to see strong efforts to reduce healthcare costs in our international markets, including patient access restrictions, suspensions on price increases, prospective and possibly retroactive price reductions and increased mandatory discounts or rebates, recoveries of past price increases, and greater importation of drugs from lower-cost countries to higher-cost countries. We expect that our revenues would be negatively impacted if similar measures are or are continued to be implemented in other countries in which we operate. In addition, certain countries set prices by reference to the prices in other countries where our products are marketed. Thus, our inability to secure adequate prices in a particular country may also impair our ability to obtain acceptable prices in existing and potential new markets. This may create the opportunity for third party cross border trade or influence our decision to sell or not to sell a product, thus affecting our geographic expansion plans.

 

Adverse market and economic conditions may exacerbate certain risks affecting our business.

 

Sales of our products are dependent on reimbursement from government health administration authorities, private health insurers, distribution partners and other organizations. As a result of adverse conditions affecting the U.S. and global economies and credit and financial markets, including the current sovereign debt crisis in certain countries in Europe, these organizations may be unable to satisfy their reimbursement obligations or may delay payment. In addition, governmental health authorities may reduce the extent of reimbursements, and private insurers may increase their scrutiny of claims. A reduction in the availability or extent of reimbursement could reduce our product sales and revenue, or result in additional allowances or significant bad debts, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

 

We depend on collaborators and other third-parties for both product and royalty revenue and the clinical development of future products, which are outside of our full control.

 

Collaborations between companies on products or programs are a common business practice in the biotechnology industry. Out-licensing typically allows a partner to collect up front payments and future milestone payments, share the costs of clinical development and risk of failure at various points, and access sales and marketing infrastructure and expertise in exchange for certain financial rights to the product or program going to the in-licensing partner. In addition, the obligation of in-licensees to pay royalties or share profits generally terminates upon expiration of the related patents. We have a number of collaborators and partners, and have both in-licensed and out-licensed several products and programs. These collaborations are subject to several risks:

 

 

 

In addition, we rely on third parties for several other aspects of our business. As a sponsor of clinical trials of our products, we rely on third party contract research organizations to carry out many of our clinical trial related activities. These activities include initiating the conduct of studies at clinical trial sites, regularly monitoring the conduct of the study at study sites, and identifying instances of noncompliance with the study protocol or current Good Clinical Practices. The failure of a contract research organization to conduct these activities with proper vigilance and competence and in accordance with Good Clinical Practices can result in regulatory authorities rejecting our clinical trial data or, in some circumstances, the imposition of civil or criminal sanctions against us.

 

If we do not successfully execute our growth initiatives through the acquisition, partnering and in-licensing of products, technologies or companies, our future performance could be adversely affected.

 

We anticipate growing through internal development projects as well as external opportunities, which include the acquisition, partnering and in-licensing of products, technologies and companies or the entry into strategic alliances and collaborations. The availability of high quality opportunities is limited and we are not certain that we will be able to identify candidates that we and our shareholders consider suitable or complete transactions on terms that are acceptable to us and our shareholders. In order to pursue such opportunities, we may require significant additional financing, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. Even if we are able to successfully identify and complete acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate them or take full advantage of them and therefore may not realize the benefits that we expect. If we are unsuccessful in our external growth program, we may not be able to grow our business significantly and we may incur asset impairment or restructuring charges as a result of unsuccessful transactions.

 

If we fail to comply with the extensive legal and regulatory requirements affecting the health care industry, we could face increased costs, penalties and a loss of business.

 

Our activities, and the activities of our collaborators and third party providers, are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. The FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions directly regulate many of our most critical business activities, including the conduct of preclinical and clinical studies, product manufacturing, advertising and promotion, product distribution, adverse event reporting and product risk management. Our interactions in the U.S. or abroad with physicians and other health care providers that prescribe or purchase our products are also subject to government regulation designed to prevent fraud and abuse in the sale and use of the products. In the U.S., states increasingly have been placing greater restrictions on the marketing practices of health care companies. In addition, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been the target of lawsuits and investigations alleging violations of government regulation, including claims asserting submission of incorrect pricing information, impermissible off-label promotion of pharmaceutical products, payments intended to influence the referral of federal or state health care business, submission of false claims for government reimbursement, antitrust violations, or violations related to environmental matters. Violations of governmental regulation may be punishable by criminal and civil sanctions against us, including fines and civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in government programs, including

Medicare and Medicaid, as well as against executives overseeing our business. In addition to penalties for violation of laws and regulations, we could be required to repay amounts we received from government payors, or pay additional rebates and interest if we are found to have miscalculated the pricing information we have submitted to the government. Whether or not we have complied with the law, an investigation into alleged unlawful conduct could increase our expenses, damage our reputation, divert management time and attention and adversely affect our business. Recent changes in U.S. fraud and abuse laws have strengthened government regulation, increased the investigative powers of government enforcement agencies, and enhanced penalties for non-compliance.

 

If we fail to meet the stringent requirements of governmental regulation in the manufacture of our products, we could incur substantial costs and a reduction in sales.

 

We and our third party providers are generally required to maintain compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice and are subject to inspections by the FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions to confirm such compliance. In addition, the FDA must approve any significant changes to our suppliers or manufacturing methods. If we or our third party service providers cannot demonstrate ongoing current Good Manufacturing Practice compliance, we may be required to withdraw or recall product, interrupt commercial supply of our products, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives. Any delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the manufacture, fill-finish, packaging, or storage of our products as a result of a failure of our facilities or the facilities or operations of third parties to pass any regulatory agency inspection could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize our products. Significant noncompliance could also result in the imposition of monetary penalties or other civil or criminal sanctions. This non-compliance could increase our costs, cause us to lose revenue or market share and damage our reputation.

 

Our investments in properties, including our manufacturing facilities, may not be fully realizable.

 

We own or lease real estate primarily consisting of buildings that contain research laboratories, office space, and biologic manufacturing operations, some of which are located in markets that are experiencing high vacancy rates and decreasing property values. If we decide to consolidate or co-locate certain aspects of our business operations, for strategic or other operational reasons, we may dispose of one or more of our properties.

 

Due to reduced expectations of product demand, improved yields on production and other factors, we may not fully utilize our manufacturing facilities at normal levels resulting in idle time at facilities or substantial excess manufacturing capacity. We regularly evaluate our current manufacturing strategy, and may pursue alternatives that include disposing of manufacturing facilities.

 

If we determine that the fair value of any of our owned properties, including any properties we may classify as held for sale, is lower than their book value we may not realize the full investment in these properties and incur significant impairment charges. In addition, if we decide to fully or partially vacate a leased property, we may incur significant cost, including lease termination fees, rent expense in excess of sublease income and impairment of leasehold improvements.

 

Problems with manufacturing or with inventory planning could result in inventory shortages, product recalls and increased costs.

 

Biologics manufacturing is extremely susceptible to product loss due to contamination, equipment failure, or vendor or operator error. In addition, we may need to close a manufacturing facility for an extended period of time due to microbial, viral or other contamination. Any of these events could result in shipment delays or product recalls, impairing our ability to supply products in existing markets or expand into new markets. In the past, we have taken inventory write-offs and incurred other charges and expenses for products that failed to meet specifications, and we may incur similar charges in the future.

 

We rely solely on our manufacturing facility in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina for the production of TYSABRI. Our global bulk supply of TYSABRI depends on the uninterrupted and efficient operation of this facility, which could be adversely affected by equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors. If we are unable to meet demand for TYSABRI for any reason, we would need to rely on a limited number of qualified third party contract manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we could reach agreement on reasonable terms, if at all, with those manufacturers or that the FDA or other regulatory authorities

would approve our use of such manufacturers on a timely basis, if at all. Moreover, the transition of our manufacturing process to a third party could take a significant amount of time, involve significant expense and increase our manufacturing costs.

 

We rely on third parties to provide services in connection with the manufacture of our products and, in some instances, manufacture the product itself.

 

We rely on Genentech for all RITUXAN manufacturing. Genentech relies on a third party to manufacture certain bulk RITUXAN requirements. If Genentech or any third party upon which it relies does not manufacture or fill-finish RITUXAN in sufficient quantities and on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if Genentech or any third party does not obtain and maintain all required manufacturing approvals, our business could be harmed.

 

We also source all of our fill-finish and the majority of our final product storage operations, along with a substantial portion of our packaging operations, to a concentrated group of third party contractors. Any third party we use to fill-finish, package or store our products to be sold in the U.S. must be licensed by the FDA. As a result, alternative third party providers may not be readily available on a timely basis or, if available, may be more costly than current providers. The manufacture of products and product components, fill-finish, packaging and storage of our products require successful coordination among us and multiple third party providers. Our inability to coordinate these efforts, the lack of capacity available at a third party contractor or any other problems with the operations of these third party contractors could require us to delay shipment of saleable products or recall products previously shipped or impair our ability to supply products at all. This could increase our costs, cause us to lose revenue or market share, diminish our profitability or damage our reputation.

 

Due to the unique manner in which our products are manufactured, we rely on single source providers of several raw materials. We make efforts to qualify new vendors and to develop contingency plans so that production is not impacted by short-term issues associated with single source providers. Nonetheless, our business could be materially impacted by long-term or chronic issues associated with single source providers.

 

Changes in laws affecting the health care industry could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

 

We and our collaborators and third party providers operate in a highly regulated industry. As a result, governmental actions may adversely affect our business, operations or financial condition, including:

 

 

The enactment in the U.S. of health care reform, potential regulations easing the entry of competing follow-on biologics in the marketplace, new legislation or implementation of existing statutory provisions on importation of lower-cost competing drugs from other jurisdictions, and legislation on comparative effectiveness research are examples of previously enacted and possible future changes in laws that could adversely affect our business.

 

Our effective tax rate may fluctuate and we may incur obligations in tax jurisdictions in excess of accrued amounts.

 

As a global biotechnology company, we are subject to taxation in numerous countries, states and other jurisdictions. As a result, our effective tax rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various

places that we operate. In preparing our financial statements, we estimate the amount of tax that will become payable in each of such places. Our effective tax rate, however, may be different than experienced in the past due to numerous factors, including changes in the mix of our profitability from country to country, the results of audits of our tax filings, changes in accounting for income taxes and changes in tax laws. Any of these factors could cause us to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or our current expectations.

 

In addition, our inability to secure or sustain acceptable arrangements with tax authorities and previously enacted or future changes in the tax laws, among other things, may result in tax obligations in excess of amounts accrued in our financial statements.

 

In the U.S., there are several proposals under consideration to reform tax law, including proposals that may reduce or eliminate the deferral of U.S. income tax on our unrepatriated earnings, scrutinize certain transfer pricing structures, and reduce or eliminate certain foreign tax credits. Our future reported financial results may be adversely affected by tax law changes which restrict or eliminate certain foreign tax credits or deduct expenses attributable to foreign earnings, or otherwise affect the treatment of our unrepatriated earnings.

 

The growth of our business depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and key relationships.

 

The achievement of our commercial, research and development and external growth objectives depends upon our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, manufacturing, sales and marketing and executive personnel and to develop and maintain relationships with qualified clinical researchers and key distributors. Competition for these people and relationships is intense and comes from a variety of sources, including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities and non-profit research organizations.

 

Our sales and operations are subject to the risks of doing business internationally.

 

We are increasing our presence in international markets, which subjects us to many risks, such as:

 

 

In addition, our international operations are subject to regulation under U.S. law. For example, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits U.S. companies and their representatives from offering, promising, authorizing or making payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business abroad. In many countries, the health care professionals we regularly interact with may meet the definition of a foreign government official for purposes of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Failure to comply with domestic or foreign laws could result in various adverse consequences, including possible delay in approval or refusal to approve a product, recalls, seizures, withdrawal of an approved product from the market, the imposition of civil or criminal sanctions and the prosecution of executives overseeing our international operations.

 

Uncertainty over intellectual property in the biotechnology industry has been the source of litigation, which is inherently costly and unpredictable.

 

We are aware that others, including various universities and companies working in the biotechnology field, have filed patent applications and have been granted patents in the U.S. and in other countries claiming subject matter potentially useful to our business. Some of those patents and patent applications claim only specific products or methods of making such products, while others claim more general processes or techniques useful or now used in

the biotechnology industry. There is considerable uncertainty within the biotechnology industry about the validity, scope and enforceability of many issued patents in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world, and, to date, there is no consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents. We cannot currently determine the ultimate scope and validity of patents which may be granted to third parties in the future or which patents might be asserted to be infringed by the manufacture, use and sale of our products.

 

There has been, and we expect that there may continue to be, significant litigation in the industry regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Litigation and administrative proceedings concerning patents and other intellectual property rights may be protracted, expensive and distracting to management. Competitors may sue us as a way of delaying the introduction of our products. Any litigation, including any interference proceedings to determine priority of inventions, oppositions to patents in foreign countries or litigation against our partners may be costly and time consuming and could harm our business. We expect that litigation may be necessary in some instances to determine the validity and scope of certain of our proprietary rights. Litigation may be necessary in other instances to determine the validity, scope or non-infringement of certain patent rights claimed by third parties to be pertinent to the manufacture, use or sale of our products. Ultimately, the outcome of such litigation could adversely affect the validity and scope of our patent or other proprietary rights or hinder our ability to manufacture and market our products.

 

If we are unable to adequately protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitors may take advantage of our development efforts or our acquired technology.

 

We have filed numerous patent applications in the U.S. and various other countries seeking protection of the processes, products and other inventions originating from our research and development. Patents have been issued on many of these applications. We have also obtained rights to various patents and patent applications under licenses with third parties, which provide for the payment of royalties by us. The ultimate degree of patent protection that will be afforded to biotechnology products and processes, including ours, in the U.S. and in other important markets remains uncertain and is dependent upon the scope of protection decided upon by the patent offices, courts and lawmakers in these countries. Our patents may not afford us substantial protection or commercial benefit. Similarly, our pending patent applications or patent applications licensed from third parties may not ultimately be granted as patents and we may not prevail if patents that have been issued to us are challenged in court. In addition, pending legislation to reform the patent system and court decisions or patent office regulations that place additional restrictions on patent claims or that facilitate patent challenges could also reduce our ability to protect our intellectual property rights. If we cannot prevent others from exploiting our inventions, we will not derive the benefit from them that we currently expect.

 

We also rely upon unpatented trade secrets and other proprietary information, and we cannot ensure that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose such technology, or that we can meaningfully protect such rights. We require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, scientists whose research we sponsor and other advisers to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies for our unpatented proprietary information in the event of use or disclosure of such information.

 

If our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others, we may incur damages and be required to incur the expense of obtaining a license.

 

A substantial number of patents have already been issued to other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. To the extent that valid third party patent rights cover our products or services, we or our strategic collaborators would be required to seek licenses from the holders of these patents in order to manufacture, use or sell these products and services, and payments under them would reduce our profits from these products and services. We are currently unable to predict the extent to which we may wish or be required to acquire rights under such patents and the availability and cost of acquiring such rights, or whether a license to such patents will be available on acceptable terms or at all. There may be patents in the U.S. or in foreign countries or patents issued in the future that are unavailable to license on acceptable terms. Our inability to obtain such licenses may hinder our ability to manufacture and market our products.

Pending and future product liability claims may adversely affect our business and our reputation.

 

The administration of drugs in humans, whether in clinical studies or commercially, carries the inherent risk of product liability claims whether or not the drugs are actually the cause of an injury. Our products or product candidates may cause, or may appear to have caused, injury or dangerous drug interactions, and we may not learn about or understand those effects until the product or product candidate has been administered to patients for a prolonged period of time.

 

We are subject from time to time to lawsuits based on product liability and related claims. We cannot predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any pending or future litigation. We may not be successful in defending ourselves in the litigation and, as a result, our business could be materially harmed. These lawsuits may result in large judgments or settlements against us, any of which could have a negative effect on our financial condition and business if in excess of our insurance coverage. Additionally, lawsuits can be expensive to defend, whether or not they have merit, and the defense of these actions may divert the attention of our management and other resources that would otherwise be engaged in managing our business.

 

Our operating results are subject to significant fluctuations.

 

Our quarterly revenues, expenses and net income (loss) have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate significantly in the future due to the timing of charges and expenses that we may take. In recent periods, for instance, we have recorded charges that include:

 

 

Our revenues are also subject to foreign exchange rate fluctuations due to the global nature of our operations. We recognize foreign currency gains or losses arising from our operations in the period in which we incur those gains or losses. Although we have foreign currency forward contracts to hedge specific forecasted transactions denominated in foreign currencies, our efforts to reduce currency exchange losses may not be successful. As a result, currency fluctuations among our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, and the currencies in which we do business will affect our operating results, often in unpredictable ways. Our net income may also fluctuate due to the impact of charges we may be required to take with respect to foreign currency hedge transactions. In particular, we may incur higher charges from hedge ineffectiveness than we expect or from the termination of a hedge relationship.

 

These examples are only illustrative and other risks, including those discussed in these “Risk Factors,” could also cause fluctuations in our reported earnings. In addition, our operating results during any one period do not necessarily suggest the anticipated results of future periods.

 

Our portfolio of marketable securities is significant and subject to market, interest and credit risk that may reduce its value.

 

We maintain a significant portfolio of marketable securities. Changes in the value of this portfolio could adversely affect our earnings. In particular, the value of our investments may decline due to increases in interest rates, downgrades in the corporate bonds and other securities included in our portfolio, instability in the global financial markets that reduces the liquidity of securities included in our portfolio, declines in the value of collateral underlying the mortgage and asset-backed securities included in our portfolio, and other factors. Each of these events may cause us to record charges to reduce the carrying value of our investment portfolio or sell investments for

less than our acquisition cost. Although we attempt to mitigate these risks by investing in high quality securities and continuously monitoring our portfolio’s overall risk profile, the value of our investments may nevertheless decline.

 

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business and limit our ability to plan for or respond to changes in our business.

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had $1.2 billion of outstanding indebtedness, and we may incur additional debt in the future. Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business by, among other things:

 

 

Our business involves environmental risks, which include the cost of compliance and the risk of contamination or injury.

 

Our business and the business of several of our strategic partners, including Genentech and Elan, involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals, biologics and radioactive compounds. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials comply with state and federal standards, there will always be the risk of accidental contamination or injury. If we were to become liable for an accident, or if we were to suffer an extended facility shutdown, we could incur significant costs, damages and penalties that could harm our business. Biologics manufacturing also requires permits from government agencies for water supply and wastewater discharge. If we do not obtain appropriate permits, or permits for sufficient quantities of water and wastewater, we could incur significant costs and limits on our manufacturing volumes that could harm our business.

 

Several aspects of our corporate governance and our collaboration agreements may discourage a third party from attempting to acquire us.

 

Several factors might discourage a takeover attempt that could be viewed as beneficial to shareholders who wish to receive a premium for their shares from a potential bidder. For example:

 

 

The possibility that activist shareholders may gain additional representation on or control of our Board of Directors could result in costs and disruption to our operations and cause uncertainty about the direction of our business.

 

Entities affiliated with Carl Icahn commenced proxy contests in 2008, 2009 and 2010, resulting in three of their director nominees being elected to our Board of Directors. In addition, recent SEC rulemaking gives certain shareholders or groups of shareholders the ability to include director nominees and proposals relating to a shareholder nomination process in company proxy materials. As a result, we may face an increase in the number of shareholder nominees for election to our Board of Directors. Future proxy contests could be costly and time-

consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees from executing our strategic plan. Disagreement among our directors may create uncertainty regarding the direction of our business and could impair our ability to effectively execute our strategic plan.

 

 

None.

 

 

Below is a summary of our owned and leased properties as of December 31, 2010. In connection with our recent restructuring initiative, described above under the heading “Overview — Framework for Growth,” we are in the process of closing the San Diego, California facility and consolidating our Massachusetts facilities.

 

Massachusetts

 

In Cambridge, we own approximately 508,000 square feet of real estate space, consisting of a building that houses a research laboratory, office space and a cogeneration plant which total approximately 263,000 square feet and a building that contains research, development and quality laboratories totaling approximately 245,000 square feet.

 

In addition, we lease a total of approximately 885,000 square feet in Massachusetts, which is summarized as follows:

 

 

Our Massachusetts lease agreements expire at various dates through the year 2025.

 

California

 

On October 1, 2010, we sold the San Diego facility, which was comprised of 43 acres of land and buildings totaling approximately 355,000 square feet of laboratory and office space for cash proceeds, net of transaction costs, of approximately $127.0 million. As part of this transaction, we agreed to lease back the San Diego facility for a period of 15 months, however in January 2011, we entered into an agreement to terminate this lease effective August 31, 2011.

 

North Carolina

 

We manufacture bulk AVONEX, TYSABRI and other products in our pipeline at our facilities located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, where we own approximately 550,000 square feet of real estate space, which is summarized as follows:

 

 

In addition, we lease approximately 50,000 square feet of office space in Durham, North Carolina.

We are planning to increase the laboratory space in our Research Triangle Park campus and consolidate all of our North Carolina activities by moving local general and administrative offices and patient services to a 180,000 square foot office building to be built on the campus, with a planned occupancy around mid-year 2012.

 

Denmark

 

We own approximately 60 acres of land in Hillerød, Denmark, upon which we have been constructing a large-scale biologics manufacturing facility totaling approximately 225,000 square feet. We plan to stop further validation on this facility following completion of the facility’s operational qualification activities in the first half of 2011 as we continue to evaluate our current manufacturing utilization strategy.

 

We own approximately 310,000 square feet of additional space, which is currently in use at this location and is summarized as follows:

 

 

Other International

 

We lease office and laboratory space in Zug, Switzerland, our international headquarters, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Denmark, and numerous other countries. Our international lease agreements expire at various dates through the year 2023.

 

 

Please refer to Note 20, Litigation to our consolidated financial statements included in this report, which is incorporated into this item by reference.

 

PART II

 

 

Market and Stockholder Information

 

Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “BIIB.” The following table shows the high and low sales price for our common stock as reported by The NASDAQ Global Select Market for each quarter in the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009:

 

 

As of January 31, 2011, there were approximately 1,052 stockholders of record of our common stock.

 

In addition, as of January 31, 2011, 128 stockholders of record of Biogen, Inc. common stock have yet to exchange their shares of Biogen, Inc. common stock for our common stock as contemplated by the merger of Biogen, Inc. and IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation in November 2003.

 

Dividends

 

We have not paid cash dividends since our inception. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the near term.

 

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

During the fourth quarter of 2010, we did not repurchase any common stock.

Stock Performance Graph

 

The graph below compares the five-year cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the Nasdaq Pharmaceutical Index, assuming the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2005 with dividends being reinvested. The stock price performance in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

 

 

BIOGEN IDEC INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

 

 

 

In addition to the following notes, the financial data included within the tables above should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of this report and our previously filed Forms 10-K. Certain totals may not sum due to rounding.

 

 

 

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes beginning on page F-1 of this report.

 

Executive Summary

 

Introduction

 

Biogen Idec is a global biotechnology company focused on discovering, developing, manufacturing and marketing products for the treatment of neurological disorders and other serious diseases. We have four marketed products: AVONEX, TYSABRI, RITUXAN and FUMADERM. Patients worldwide benefit from our significant products used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn’s disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and psoriasis.

 

In the near term, our current and future revenues are dependent upon continued sales of our three principal products, AVONEX, RITUXAN and TYSABRI. In the longer term, our revenue growth will be dependent upon the successful pursuit of external business development opportunities and clinical development, regulatory approval and launch of new commercial products as well as upon our ability to protect our patents related to our marketed products and assets originating from our research and development efforts. As part of our ongoing research and development efforts, we have devoted significant resources to conducting clinical studies to advance the development of new pharmaceutical products and to explore the utility of our existing products in treating disorders beyond those currently approved in their labels.

 

On November 3, 2010, we announced a number of strategic, operational and organizational initiatives, which are described below under the heading “Restructuring Charges.” We expect to incur charges totaling approximately $110.0 million associated with the implementation of these initiatives, which are anticipated to be substantially completed by the end of 2011.

 

Financial Highlights

 

The following table is a summary of financial results achieved:

 

 

 

 

As described below under “Results of Operations,” our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2010, reflect the following:

 

 

 

In addition, we generated $1,624.7 million of net cash flows from operations for 2010, which were primarily driven by earnings. Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $1,950.8 million as of December 31, 2010.

 

In 2010, we repurchased approximately 40.3 million shares at a cost of approximately $2.1 billion under our 2010 and 2009 share repurchase authorizations. We retired all of these shares as they were acquired. Our 2010 and 2009 share repurchase programs were completed during the third and first quarters of 2010, respectively.

 

Business Development Highlights

 

 

Business Environment

 

We conduct our business primarily within the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, which are highly competitive. Many of our competitors are working to develop products similar to those we are developing or already market. We may also face increased competitive pressures as a result of the emergence of biosimilars. In the U.S., AVONEX, RITUXAN and TYSABRI are licensed under the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) as biological

products. In March 2010, U.S. healthcare reform legislation amended the PHSA to authorize the FDA to approve biological products, known as biosimilars or follow-on biologics, that are shown to be highly similar to previously approved biological products based upon potentially abbreviated data packages.

 

In addition, the recently enacted U.S. healthcare reform legislation contained additional provisions, including cost containment measures. We have encountered similar efforts to reform health care coverage and costs in other countries in which we operate. Moreover, the economic environment in Europe has become increasingly challenging. Many of the countries in which we operate are also seeking to reduce their public expenditures in light of the recent global economic downturn. The deterioration of the credit and economic conditions in certain countries in Europe has delayed reimbursement for our products and led to additional austerity measures aimed at reducing healthcare costs. Global efforts to reduce healthcare costs continue to exert pressure on product pricing and have negatively impacted our revenues and results of operations. For additional information about certain risks that could negatively impact our financial position or future results of operations, please read the “Risk Factors” section of this report.

 

Results of Operations

 

Revenues

 

Revenues are summarized as follows:

 

 

Product Revenues

 

Product revenues are summarized as follows:

 

AVONEX

 

Revenues from AVONEX are summarized as follows:

 

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in U.S. AVONEX revenue was due to price increases offset by decreased commercial demand. Decreased commercial demand resulted in declines of approximately 6% and 8% in U.S. AVONEX unit sales volume for 2010 and 2009, respectively, from the prior year comparative periods. Our 2010 U.S. AVONEX revenue was also negatively impacted by reserves established for rebates and allowances related to the newly enacted healthcare reform legislation in the U.S. In addition, we continued to experience higher participation in our Access Program, which provides free product to eligible patients for both the 2010 and 2009 comparative periods.

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, the increase in rest of world AVONEX revenue was due to increased commercial demand offset by price decreases in some countries and the negative impact of foreign currency exchange rates resulting from the relative strengthening of the U.S. dollar against relevant foreign currencies, primarily the Euro. For 2009 compared to 2008, the decrease in rest of world AVONEX revenue was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign exchange rate changes, offset by increased commercial demand and price increases in some countries. Increased commercial demand resulted in increases of approximately 6% in rest of world AVONEX sales volume for 2010 and 2009 in both periods.

 

AVONEX rest of world revenues for 2010 also include gains recognized in relation to the settlement of certain cash flow hedge instruments under our foreign currency hedging program totaling $35.0 million, compared to losses recognized of $39.5 million and $8.5 million for 2009 and 2008, respectively.

 

We expect AVONEX to face increasing competition in the MS marketplace in both the U.S. and rest of world. A number of companies, including us, are working to develop products to treat MS that may compete with AVONEX now and in the future, including oral and other alternative formulations. In addition, the continued growth of TYSABRI and the commercialization of our other pipeline product candidates may negatively impact future sales of AVONEX. Increased competition may lead to reduced unit sales of AVONEX, as well as increasing price pressure.

 

TYSABRI

 

We collaborate with Elan Pharma International, Ltd (Elan) an affiliate of Elan Corporation, plc, on the development and commercialization of TYSABRI. For a more detailed description of this collaboration, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

Revenues from TYSABRI are summarized as follows:

 

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in U.S. TYSABRI revenue was due to increased commercial demand. Increased commercial demand resulted in increases of approximately 10%

and 16% in U.S. TYSABRI unit sales volume for 2010 and 2009, respectively, over the prior year comparative periods. For 2010 compared to 2009, the increase was also due to price increases. This increase was offset by the impact of the sale of previously written-down TYSABRI inventory, which became saleable following the approval of our higher-yielding manufacturing process. As our sales price to Elan in the U.S. is set to effect an approximate equal sharing of the gross margin with Elan plus reimbursement for our cost of goods sold, the distribution of this specific inventory reduced our cost of sales, which reduced the price per unit we charged to Elan and reduced our revenues by $7.5 million compared to 2009. This inventory was fully utilized during 2010.

 

Net sales of TYSABRI from our collaboration partner, Elan, to third-party customers in the U.S. for 2010, 2009 and 2008 totaled $593.1 million, $508.5 million and $421.6 million, respectively.

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in rest of world TYSABRI revenue was due to increased commercial demand of TYSABRI in our rest of world markets offset by the negative impact of foreign currency exchange rates resulting from the relative strengthening of the U.S. dollar against relevant foreign currencies, primarily the Euro. For 2010 compared to 2009, the increase in rest of world TYSABRI revenue was partially offset by price decreases in some countries. Increased commercial demand resulted in increases of 23% and 49% in rest of world TYSABRI sales volume for 2010 and 2009, respectively, over the prior year comparative periods.

 

TYSABRI rest of world revenues for 2010 also include gains recognized in relation to the settlement of certain cash flow hedge instruments under our foreign currency hedging program totaling $10.7 million, compared to losses recognized of $10.1 million for 2009. No such losses were recognized in 2008 as we did not designate hedges against TYSABRI rest of world revenues in that period.

 

The prescribing information for TYSABRI contains significant safety warnings, including:

 

 

These safety warnings, and any future safety-related label changes, may limit the growth of TYSABRI unit sales. We continue to research and develop protocols and therapies that may reduce risk and improve outcomes of PML in patients. For example, our efforts have included working to identify patient or viral characteristics which contribute to the risk of developing PML, including the presence of asymptomatic JC virus infection with an assay to detect an immune response against the JC virus. We have initiated two clinical studies in the U.S., known as STRATIFY-1 and STRATIFY-2, that collectively, are intended to define the prevalence of serum JC virus antibody in patients with relapsing MS receiving or considering treatment with TYSABRI and to evaluate the potential to stratify patients into lower or higher risk for developing PML based on antibody status. Our efforts to stratify patients into lower or higher risk for developing PML, and other ongoing or future clinical trials involving TYSABRI may have a negative impact on prescribing behavior in at least the short term which may result in decreased product revenues from sales of TYSABRI.

 

We also expect TYSABRI to face increasing competition in the MS marketplace in both the U.S. and rest of world. A number of companies, including us, are working to develop products to treat MS that may compete with TYSABRI now and in the future, including oral and other alternative formulations. In addition, the commercialization of our other pipeline product candidates may negatively impact future sales of TYSABRI. Increased competition may also lead to reduced unit sales of TYSABRI, as well as increasing price pressure.

 

We have initiated the five year renewal process for TYSABRI’s marketing authorization in the E.U. This marketing authorization review by E.U. regulators, in addition to ongoing label discussions with U.S. regulators,

includes assessment of the criteria for confirming PML diagnosis, the number of PML cases, the incidence of PML in TYSABRI patients, the risk factors for PML, as well as an overall assessment of TYSABRI’s benefit-risk profile. Our interactions with E.U. and U.S. regulators could result in modifications to the respective labels or other restrictions for TYSABRI. Upon completion of the assessment of the TYSABRI renewal in the E.U. the marketing authorization is expected to be valid for either an unlimited period or for an additional five year term.

 

Other Product Revenues

 

Other product revenues primarily consist of revenues derived from sales of FUMADERM and are summarized as follows:

 

 

Unconsolidated Joint Business Revenues

 

We collaborate with Genentech on the development and commercialization of RITUXAN. On October 19, 2010, we and Genentech amended and restated our Amended and Restated Collaboration Agreement dated June 19, 2003 with regard to the development of ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, and agreed to terms for the development of GA101, a next-generation anti-CD20 antibody. This amendment did not have an impact on our share of the co-promotion operating profits recognized for RITUXAN in 2010. For a more detailed description of this collaboration and additional information regarding the pretax co-promotion profit sharing formula for RITUXAN and its impact on future unconsolidated joint business revenues, please read Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

 

In the fourth quarter of 2010, as part of our recent restructuring initiative, which is described below under the heading “Restructuring Charge,” we reached an agreement with Genentech to eliminate our RITUXAN oncology and rheumatology sales force, with Genentech assuming the sole responsibility for the U.S. sales and marketing efforts related to RITUXAN. We believe that centralizing the sales force will enhance the sales effectiveness and profitability of our collaboration for the sale of RITUXAN in the U.S. As a result of this change, we expect that the amount of reimbursement for selling and development expense in the U.S. to decrease in future periods to a negligible amount. For 2010, 2009, and 2008, we were reimbursed $58.3 million, $65.6 million and $59.7 million, respectively, primarily for sales and marketing activities performed in support of RITUXAN.

 

Revenues from unconsolidated joint business are summarized as follows:

 

Biogen Idec’s Share of Co-Promotion Profits in the U.S.

 

The following table provides a summary of amounts comprising our share of co-promotion profits in the U.S.:

 

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in U.S. RITUXAN product revenues was primarily due to price increases and an increase in commercial demand, which resulted in an increase in unit sales volume of approximately 2%. For 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in U.S. RITUXAN product revenue was primarily due to price increases offset by a decrease in commercial demand of approximately 1%.

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the decrease in collaboration costs and expenses primarily resulted from a decline in expenditures for the development of RITUXAN for use in other indications. As described below under the heading “Provision for Discounts and Allowances — Healthcare Reform”, beginning in 2011, a new fee will be payable by all prescription drug manufacturers and importers. We estimate that the fee assessed Genentech on qualifying sales of RITUXAN will result in a reduction of our share of pre-tax co-promotion profits in the U.S. of approximately $15.0 million in 2011.

 

Under our collaboration agreement, our current pretax co-promotion profit-sharing formula, which resets annually, provides for a 40% share of co-promotion profits if co-promotion operating profits exceed $50.0 million. For 2010, 2009 and 2008, the 40% threshold was met during the first quarter.

 

Reimbursement of Selling and Development Expense in the U.S.

 

As discussed in Note 19, Collaborations to our consolidated financial statements included in this report, Genentech incurs the majority of continuing development costs for RITUXAN. Expenses incurred by Genentech in the development of RITUXAN are not recorded as research and development expense, but rather reduce our share of co-promotion profits recorded as a component of unconsolidated joint business revenue. For 2010 compared to 2009, the decrease in selling and development expenses incurred by us in the U.S. and reimbursed by Genentech was primarily the result of the elimination of our RITUXAN oncology and rheumatology sales force in the fourth quarter 2010. For 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in selling and development expenses incurred by us in the U.S. and reimbursed by Genentech was primarily the result of our increased sales and marketing activities in support of RITUXAN.

 

Revenue on Sales of RITUXAN in the Rest of World

 

Revenue on sales of RITUXAN in the rest of world consists of our share of pretax co-promotion profits in Canada and royalty revenue on sales of RITUXAN outside the U.S. and Canada. For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, revenues on sales of RITUXAN in the rest of world continue to decline due to royalty expirations in certain of our rest of world markets. The royalty period for sales in the rest of world with respect to all products is 11 years from the first commercial sale of such product on a country-by-country basis. Specifically, the royalty periods with respect to sales in France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom expired in 2009. The royalty period with respect to sales in Italy expired in 2010. The royalty periods for substantially all of the remaining royalty-bearing sales of RITUXAN in the rest of the world will expire through 2012. As a result of these expirations, we expect royalty revenues derived from sales of RITUXAN in the rest of world to continue to decline in future periods. The decreases experienced during 2010 were offset by a payment from Genentech totaling $21.3 million representing a cumulative underpayment of royalties owed to us on sales of RITUXAN in the rest of world.

Other Revenues

 

Other revenues are summarized as follows:

 

 

Royalty Revenues

 

We receive royalties on sales by our licensees of products covered under patents that we own. Sales of licensed products could vary significantly due to competition, manufacturing difficulties and other factors that are not within our control. In addition, the expiration or invalidation of any underlying patents could reduce or eliminate the royalty revenues derived from such patents.

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, as well as for 2009 compared to 2008, the increase in royalty revenues was primarily driven by increased sales of ANGIOMAX (bivalirudin) licensed to The Medicines Company (TMC). The increase for 2009 compared to 2008 was offset by a decline in royalties from sales of other licensed products and the expiration of certain contracts and license agreements.

 

Our most significant source of royalty revenue is derived from sales of ANGIOMAX by TMC. TMC sells ANGIOMAX in the U.S., Europe, Canada, Central America, South America, Israel and Australia. Royalty revenues related to the sales of ANGIOMAX are recognized in an amount equal to the level of net sales achieved during a calendar year multiplied by the royalty rate in effect for that tier under our agreement with TMC. The royalty rate increases based upon which tier of total net sales are earned in any calendar year. The increased royalty rate is applied retroactively to the first dollar of net sales achieved during the year. This formula has the effect of increasing the amount of royalty revenue to be recognized in later quarters and, as a result, an adjustment is recorded in the period in which an increase in royalty rate has been achieved.

 

Under the terms of our agreement, TMC is obligated to pay us royalties earned, on a country-by-country basis, until the later of (1) twelve years from the date of the first commercial sale of ANGIOMAX in such country or (2) the date upon which the product is no longer covered by a patent in such country. The annual royalty rate is reduced by a specified percentage in any country where the product is no longer covered by a patent and where sales have been reduced to a certain volume-based market share. TMC began selling ANGIOMAX in the U.S. in January 2001. The principal U.S. patent that covers ANGIOMAX was due to expire in March 2010 and TMC applied for an extension of the term of this patent. Initially, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) rejected TMC’s application because in its view the application was not timely filed. TMC sued the PTO in federal district court seeking to extend the term of the principal U.S. patent to December 2014. On August 3, 2010, the federal district court ordered the PTO to deem the application as timely filed. The PTO did not appeal the order, but a generic manufacturer is seeking the right to intervene and file an appeal. The PTO has granted an interim extension of the patent term until August 13, 2011. In the event that TMC is unsuccessful in obtaining a patent term extension thereafter and third parties sell products comparable to ANGIOMAX, we would expect a significant decrease in royalty revenues due to increased competition, which may impact sales and result in lower royalty tiered rates.

 

Corporate Partner Revenues

 

We have also sold or exclusively licensed to third parties rights to certain products previously included within our product line. Royalty or supply agreement revenues received based upon those products are recorded as corporate partner revenue. Amounts recorded as corporate partner revenue also include amounts earned upon delivery of product under contract manufacturing agreements.

 

For 2010 compared to 2009, the increase in corporate partner revenues was primarily due to amounts earned under the terms of our 2006 contract manufacturing agreement with Astellas Pharma US, Inc. for the supply of

AMEVIVE. For 2009 compared to 2008, the decrease in corporate partner revenues was primarily due to milestone and royalty payments received in 2008 totaling $7.0 million related to ZEVALIN.

 

Provisions for Discounts and Allowances

 

Revenues from product sales are recorded net of applicable allowances for trade term discounts, wholesaler incentives, Medicaid rebates, Veterans Administration (VA) and Public Health Service (PHS) discounts, managed care rebates, product returns, and other applicable allowances. Reserves established for these discounts and allowances are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to our customer) or a liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than our customer). Reserves for discounts, contractual adjustments and returns that reduced gross product revenues are summarized as follows: