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| - | '''Citigroup''' ([[NYSE Euronext (NYX)|NYSE]]:C) is one of the world's largest diversified [[financial services]] firms, which means that it makes money by loaning out money and receiving interest on the loans.<ref>[http://www.samaylive.com/news/citi-to-split-itself-into-citicorp-citi-holdings/604709.html Samay Live, "Citi to split itself into Citicorp, Citi Holdings," 01/16/2009]</ref> <ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a86BGz.hIWd0&refer=us Bloomberg "Citigroup’s Vikram Pandit to Take $1 Salary, No Bonus" 11 Feb 2009]</ref> . | + | '''Citigroup''' ([[NYSE Euronext (NYX)|NYSE]]:C) is one of the world's largest diversified [[financial services]] firms, which means that it makes money by loaning out money and receiving interest on the loans.<ref>[http://www.samaylive.com/news/citi-to-split-itself-into-citicorp-citi-holdings/604709.html Samay Live, "Citi to split itself into Citicorp, Citi Holdings," 01/16/2009]</ref> <ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a86BGz.hIWd0&refer=us Bloomberg "Citigroup’s Vikram Pandit to Take $1 Salary, No Bonus" 11 Feb 2009]</ref> In 2010, Citigroup reached a turning point in which the company was able to achieved its |
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| - | In 2010, Citigroup reached a turning point in which the company was able to achieved its | + | |
| primary goal of returning to profitability, posting positive net income in each quarter and a full-year profit of $10.6 billion.<ref name = Citi2010>[http://www.citigroup.com/citi/corporategovernance/ar.htm Citi Annual Reports 2010]</ref> The company was forced to alter its operations in order to reach this point. Citi sold branches such as CitiStreet, CitiBank, and its banking operations in Germany. In addition the company reshuffled and changed its management<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807110344DOWJONESDJONLINE000359_FORTUNE5.htm Credit Mutuel to Buy Citi's German Operations for EUR4.9 Billion]</ref><ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/e/080801/c10-q.html Yahoo Finance "Form 10-Q for Citi Group Inc" 1 Aug 2009]</ref> These efforts represent a shift away from an investment bank into a standard holding bank. | primary goal of returning to profitability, posting positive net income in each quarter and a full-year profit of $10.6 billion.<ref name = Citi2010>[http://www.citigroup.com/citi/corporategovernance/ar.htm Citi Annual Reports 2010]</ref> The company was forced to alter its operations in order to reach this point. Citi sold branches such as CitiStreet, CitiBank, and its banking operations in Germany. In addition the company reshuffled and changed its management<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807110344DOWJONESDJONLINE000359_FORTUNE5.htm Credit Mutuel to Buy Citi's German Operations for EUR4.9 Billion]</ref><ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/e/080801/c10-q.html Yahoo Finance "Form 10-Q for Citi Group Inc" 1 Aug 2009]</ref> These efforts represent a shift away from an investment bank into a standard holding bank. | ||
Revision as of 13:48, May 1, 2011
Citigroup (NYSE:C) is one of the world's largest diversified financial services firms, which means that it makes money by loaning out money and receiving interest on the loans.[1] [2] In 2010, Citigroup reached a turning point in which the company was able to achieved its primary goal of returning to profitability, posting positive net income in each quarter and a full-year profit of $10.6 billion.[3] The company was forced to alter its operations in order to reach this point. Citi sold branches such as CitiStreet, CitiBank, and its banking operations in Germany. In addition the company reshuffled and changed its management[4][5] These efforts represent a shift away from an investment bank into a standard holding bank.
Business Overview
Citigroup operates in four regions include North America (including US, Canada, and Puerto Rico), EMEA (Europe, Middle East & Africa), Latin America (including Mexico, and Asia (including Japan). It's divided into two business: Citicorp, which encompasses Citi's core businesses, the Regional Consumer Banking Division and Institution Clients Group, and Citi Holdings, which overseas Brokerage and Asset Management, Local Consumer Lending, and Special Asset Pool, all of which are businesses which Citi wishes to shrink.
Citicorp (75.7% of 2010 Net Revenue)
Regional Consumer Banking (38.2% of 2010 Net Revenue)
This division provides traditional commercial banking services. Lending opportunities are also available under this arm of Citi, including loans for housing, auto-financing, and for students. Citi also issues credit cards under the Visa, MasterCard, Diners Club, and American Express networks, with around 120 million cardholders globally.[3]
Institutional Clients Group (37.5% of 2010 Net Revenue)
This unit, also referred to as corporate and investment banking, offers financial advice to companies interested in raising capital or involved in mergers and acquisitions and provides clients with cash management and treasury services, such as streamlining multiple asset classes under one processing system. In addition, its Global Capital Markets division provides sales, trading, and research services, and is the second largest brokerage system in the U.S. [3]
Citi Holdings (22.3% of 2010 Net Revenue)
Citi Holdings is the division put in place to handle the divestiture of assets that are generally unwanted on Citi's balance sheet. It exists to hold businesses which Citi does not consider to be its core businesses, which are held in Citicorp.[3]
Trends & Forces
Government Regulation
An increase in US Government regulation could have a substantial impact on the operations of Citi as well as the rest of the financial industry.[6] All holding banks will be prevented from engaging in proprietary trading and in any trades where there is a "material conflict of interest". In addition, "material exposure to high-risk assets or high-risk trading strategies" will be banned. While the impact may be large, the true extent depends on the interpretation and implementation of the regulation.[7]
The Basel III rules will force banks to increase the amount of money they hold against liabilities. While the goal of the regulation is to prevent banks from becoming over leveraged, they may also prevent the banks from creating the same profit margins that they previously were able to attain.[8]
Other regulation may place limits on the extent to which banks may invest in hedge funds or in private equity funds. This is commonly referred to as the Volcker Rule.[9] In order to improve their returns, Citi, like many of its peers, invests in organizations like hedge funds and private equity funds. These funds tend to have higher returns, but also tend to be higher risk. While the regulation aims to lower speculation and high risk investments, it may also prevent Citi from achieving the returns it has historically gotten. Swaps, which are used by banks to offset their risk or hedge against potential outcomes, may also be regulated. This would prevent banks from taking certain positions because the risk would be too high without the possibility of a swap.[10] [11]
Furthermore, regulation imposing a fee to financial institutions that keep their money in the Federal Reserve would increase the cost of operation for Citi.[12][13][14]
Corporate Restructuring and Focus on Core Business
After the financial crisis, Citi announced its plans to split Citigroup into Citicorp, its $1.1 billion traditional banking arm, and Citi Holdings, for its riskiest investment assets. Citi stated that the split would allow the company to focus on its core business, and allow Citicorp to return to profitability and stabilize sooner than Citigroup could have as a single firm.[15] [16][17] This move reflects a broader shift in the company's focus towards that of a traditional holding bank. While this move will likely decrease the company's exposure to risk, it may also prevent the company from achieving the same level of returns it has in the past.
Interest Rates
Rising interest rates raise the cost of borrowing for all lenders, dampening the overall demand for mortgages and other home loan products. The U.S. Federal Funds Rate could help to stimulate demand for loans and lower default rates by allowing people to refinance their homes at lower rates. [18][19] Housing loans have traditionally been a strong source of revenue for banking firms. With the current interest rate environment, owners of real estate are selling to take advantage of the high short-term rates. With low interest rates in the future, prospective home owners are staying out of the market and waiting for short-term rates to drop before looking for a loan. This over-arching attitude has weakened the housing loans business for banks, such as Citi.
The Yield Curve
Typically banks charge higher interest rates on loans which qualify as long term debt than they they pay on deposits (short term debt). A flat or inverted yield curve, implies that long-term rates are the same or lower than short-term rates. This drastically reduces the profitability of loans. Citi is particularly vulnerable to interest rates fluctuations as it depends more heavily on wholesale funds than its competitors. This means that its cost of borrowing is higher than that of many rival bank.
Benefits of Changes in Tax Law
Rising corporate income tax rates directly increase costs for taxes paid to the government, which decreases the amount of profits left for banks to fund investments and reinvest in operations. However, changes in tax law can also benefit banks. Proposed fiscal legislative reform which would effectively increase the capital gains tax paid by private equity firms and other money managers could increase the rate of IPOs in the short term. The rise in IPOs would be a result of money managers and PE firms attempting to avoid an increase in capital gains tax.[20]
Fed Proposes New Legislation to Prevent Money Laundering
The U.S. Treasury has proposed a rule requiring U.S. banks to report all electronic transfers of funds in and out of the country. Previously, banks were required to report only fund transfers in excess of $3,000 and cash transfers over $10,000. The new rule would not apply to credit card and ATM transactions. The rule is an attempt by U.S. government officials to crack down on money laundering. This new regulation may deter customers, but also may increase the cost of operation for Citi.[21]
Competitive Landscape
The major players in Citi's league are Bank of America (BAC), Deutsche Bank AG (DB) and J P Morgan Chase (JPM). These firms typically operate on a business model that gradually introduces clients to complex financial services and solutions as the client matures. In this way, these banking firms try to cater to the client's entire life span by offering as many products as possible. For this reason some have identified this strategy as building "banking supermarkets." This mode of thinking has changed recently, as Citigroup increasingly focuses on its most profitable products, continues to cut costs and personnel, and relocates offices to regions that are experiencing robust growth.
References
- ↑ Samay Live, "Citi to split itself into Citicorp, Citi Holdings," 01/16/2009
- ↑ Bloomberg "Citigroup’s Vikram Pandit to Take $1 Salary, No Bonus" 11 Feb 2009
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Citi Annual Reports 2010
- ↑ Credit Mutuel to Buy Citi's German Operations for EUR4.9 Billion
- ↑ Yahoo Finance "Form 10-Q for Citi Group Inc" 1 Aug 2009
- ↑ The Washington Post "Financial regulation bill nears finish line with support from Snowe, Brown" 13 July 2010
- ↑ Market Watch "New regulations may cut big bank profit 13%, Goldman says" 28 June 2010 pg. 2
- ↑ The Huffington Post "Basel III Rules: Banks Given Until 2019 To Fully Comply With New Global Regulations" 9/13/10
- ↑ Business Insider "Morgan Stanley Will Take Huge Loss On FrontPoint Because It's Bleeding Money On Losses And Lobsters" 8/5/10
- ↑ Forbes 'Swaps Split Could Cost Banks $85 Billion In Capital'
- ↑ The Options Insider "Permissible Bank Derivatives Trading" 2010
- ↑ The Boston Globe "Brown will back financial overhaul" 13 July 2010
- ↑ Market Watch "New regulations may cut big bank profit 13%, Goldman says" 28 June 2010 pg. 1
- ↑ Financial Feed "Vague Business Tax Cuts for the New Tax Law" 12/27/10
- ↑ BBC News, "Citigroup to split as losses grow," 01/16/2009
- ↑ cnn.com, "Citigroup to split after $8.3B loss," 01/16/2009
- ↑ cnn.com, "Citigroup to split after $8.3B loss," 01/16/2009
- ↑ Bloomberg.com, US Rates and Funds
- ↑ Federal Reserve Board "Open Market Operations" 16 Dec 2008
- ↑ Huliq "US tax law changes in 2011 increase private equity deals" 18 Jan 2010
- ↑ The Street "Feds Push Banks on Money Laundering" 9/27/10
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