Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2008

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Crown Castle International (CCI)

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Crown Castle International 10-K 2009

Documents found in this filing:

Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2008

Index to Financial Statements

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008

¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-16441

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		76-0470458
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1220 Augusta Drive, Suite 500, Houston, Texas		77057-2261
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(713) 570-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value		New York Stock Exchange
Rights to Purchase Series A Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock		New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Role 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨

Indicated by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a small reporting company. See definitions of a “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in rule 12B-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $10.6 billion as of June 30, 2008, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the New York Stock Exchange closing price on that day of $38.73 per share.

Applicable Only to Corporate Registrants

As of February 17, 2009, there were 288,665,752 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The information required to be furnished pursuant to Part III of this Form 10-K will be set forth in, and incorporated by reference from, the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders (the “2009 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008.

Index to Financial Statements

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	14
Item 2.	Properties	14
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	15
Item 4.	Submissions of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders	15

	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	16
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	18
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	40
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	43
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	87
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	87
Item 9B.	Other Information	90

	PART III
Item 10.	Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant	90
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	90
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management	90
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions	90
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	90

	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	91

Signatures		98

Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s expectations as of the filing date of this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Statements that are not historical facts are hereby identified as forward-looking statements. In addition, words such as “estimate,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “believe,” “expect,” “likely,” “predicted,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include plans, projections and estimates contained in “Item 1. Business,” “Item 3. Legal Proceedings,” “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”) and “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” herein.

Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including prevailing market conditions, the risk factors described under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” herein and other factors. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those expected.

Index to Financial Statements

Unless this Form 10-K indicates otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms, “we,” “our,” “our company,” “the company” or “us” as used in this Form 10-K refer to Crown Castle International Corp. (“CCIC”), a Delaware corporation organized on April 20, 1995, and its subsidiaries. Unless this Form 10-K indicates otherwise or the context otherwise requires, “Global Signal” refers to the former Global Signal Inc. and its subsidiaries which merged into a subsidiary of ours in January 2007 (“Global Signal Merger”). Unless this Form 10-K indicates otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms “CCUSA” and “in the U.S.” refer to our CCUSA segment.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We own, operate and lease towers and other communication structures, including certain rooftop installations (collectively, “towers”), for wireless communications. Our core business is renting space on our towers via long-term contracts in various forms, including license, sublease and lease agreements. Generally, our towers can accommodate multiple customers (“co-location”) for antennas and other equipment necessary for the transmission of wireless signals for mobile telephones and other devices. Revenues derived from this site rental business represented 92% of our 2008 consolidated revenues.

Information concerning our tower portfolio as of December 31, 2008 is as follows:

•

We owned, leased or managed approximately 24,100 towers.

•

We have approximately 22,300 towers in the United States (“U.S.”), approximately 1,600 towers in Australia, and the remainder of our towers are located in Puerto Rico and Canada.

•

Our customers include many of the world’s major wireless communications companies. In the U.S., Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless (inclusive of Alltel) and T-Mobile accounted for 76% and 72% of our 2008 CCUSA and consolidated revenues, respectively. In Australia, our customers include Vodafone, Optus, Telstra and Hutchison.

•

Approximately 54% and 71% of our towers in the U.S. and Puerto Rico were located in the 50 and 100 largest basic trading areas, or “BTAs”, respectively. Through our Australia tower portfolio, we have a strategic presence in each of Australia’s major metropolitan areas, including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth.

•

We owned in fee or had perpetual or long-term easements in the land and other properties (collectively “land”) on which approximately 5,500 of our towers reside, and we leased, subleased or licensed the land on which approximately 17,900 of our towers reside. In addition, we managed approximately 700 towers owned by third parties where we had the right to market space on the tower or where we had sublease agreements with the tower owner.

Our site rental revenues typically result from long-term contracts with (1) initial terms of five to fifteen years, (2) multiple renewal periods at the option of the tenant of five to ten years each, and (3) contractual escalators of the rental price. As a result, the vast majority of our site rental revenues is of a recurring nature and has been contracted for in a prior year. We seek to increase our site rental revenues by adding more tenants on our towers, which we expect to result in significant incremental cash flow due to our relatively fixed tower operating costs.

To a much lesser extent, we also provide certain network services relating to our towers, including antenna installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and site selection, site acquisition, site development and other services.

Index to Financial Statements

Strategy

Our strategy is to increase long-term stockholder value by translating anticipated future growth in our core site rental business into growth of our results of operations on a per share basis. We believe our strategy is consistent with our mission to deliver the highest level of service to our customers at all times – striving to be their critical partner as we assist them in growing efficient, ubiquitous wireless networks. The key elements of our strategy are to:

•

Organically grow the revenues and cash flows from our towers. We seek to maximize the site rental revenues of our towers by co-locating additional tenants on our towers as wireless carriers deploy and improve their wireless networks. We seek to maximize additional tenant co-locations through our focus on customer service and deployment speed and by leveraging our web-based proprietary tools. Due to the relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers (which tend to increase at approximately the rate of inflation), we expect the increased revenues from additional co-locations and contracted escalators to result in significant incremental site rental gross margin and growth in our operating cash flows. We believe there is considerable additional future demand for our existing towers based on their location (significant presence in 91 of the top 100 BTAs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico) and the anticipated growth in the wireless communications industry.

•

Allocate capital efficiently. We seek to allocate the cash produced by our operations in a manner that will enhance per share operating results. Given the current conditions in the credit markets, we currently expect to use the majority of our cash to purchase or repay our debt and severely limit our other discretionary investments. Historically, we have invested our available cash in discretionary investments such as those shown below (in no particular order), which we expect to resume in the future depending upon the then state of the credit environment and availability of liquidity in the capital markets:

•

purchase shares of our own common stock (“common stock”) from time to time;

•

enter into acquisitions of tower businesses;

•

selectively construct or acquire towers and distributed antenna systems;

•

acquire land under towers;

•

make improvements and structural enhancements to our existing towers; and

•

purchase or redeem our debt or preferred stock.

Our long-term strategy is based on our belief that opportunities will be created by the expected continuation of growth in the wireless communications industry, which depends on the demand for wireless telephony and data services by consumers. Thus far, the wireless communications industry has not been impacted by the recent slowing economy to any significant degree. The following is a discussion of certain growth trends in the wireless communications industry:

•

We expect wireless carriers will continue their focus on improving network quality by adding additional antennas for the transmission of their services in an effort to improve customer retention and satisfaction.

•

Consumers are increasing their use of wireless voice and data services. According to a Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association (“CTIA”) U.S. wireless industry survey and other published reports:

•

Minutes of use exceeded 1.1 trillion for the first half of 2008, which represents a year-over-year increase of 11%.

•

Wireless data service revenues were nearly $15 billion for the first half of 2008, which represents a year-over-year increase of 40%.

•

Wireless users totaled 262 million as of June 30, 2008, which represents a year-over-year increase of nearly 20 million subscribers, or 8%.

•

The percentage of U.S. households with no wireline communications and only wireless communications increased to approximately 18% as of June 30, 2008.

•

Wireless penetration in the U.S. increased to 87% as of June 30, 2008.

•

Our customers have introduced, and we believe they plan to continue to deploy, next generation wireless technologies, including third generation (“3G”) and wireless data technology, such as email, internet and mobile video. We expect these next generation technologies and others, such as fourth generation (“4G”) technology (including long-term evolution), to translate into additional demand for tower space.

•

We have seen and anticipate there could be other new entrants into the wireless communications industry that should deploy regional or national wireless networks for voice and data services.

Index to Financial Statements

•

The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) auctioned spectrum licenses in the Advanced Wireless Services Auction No. 66 during the third quarter of 2006 and the 700 MHz Band Auction No. 73 in March 2008. We expect that these spectrum auctions and future auctions should enable next generation networks and possibly enable one or more new entrants into the wireless communications industry.

•

Many countries outside of the U.S. have wireless penetration rates approaching or exceeding 100% and have wireless networks faster and even more robust than the U.S. This wireless activity outside of the U.S. may be a leading indicator for U.S. wireless communications. See also “Item 1. The Company—CCAL.”

2008 Highlights and Recent Developments

See “Item 7. MD&A” and our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of developments and activities occurring in 2008 and the beginning of 2009, including the issuance of our 9% senior notes in January 2009 and the challenging credit markets.

The Company

We operate our business primarily in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico) and Australia, with nominal operations in Canada and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). We conduct our operations principally through subsidiaries of Crown Castle Operating Company (“CCOC”), including (1) certain subsidiaries which operate our tower portfolios in the U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada (collectively referred to as “CCUSA”) and (2) a 77.6% owned subsidiary that operates our Australia tower portfolio (referred to as “CCAL”). For more information about our operating segments, as well as financial information about the geographic areas in which we operate, see note 18 to our consolidated financial statements and “Item 7. MD&A.”

CCUSA

Overview. The core business of CCUSA is the renting of antenna space on our towers predominately to wireless carriers under long-term contracts. Supporting our competitive position in the site rental business, we offer our tenants certain network services relating to our towers, including antenna installations and other services. At December 31, 2008, CCUSA owned, leased or managed approximately 22,500 towers. Although we own, lease or manage approximately 200 towers located in Puerto Rico and Canada that are included in CCUSA, our towers are predominately located in the U.S., with concentrations in the 50 and 100 largest BTAs.

Most of our CCUSA towers were acquired through transactions consummated within the past nine years, including through the transactions summarized below:


Acquisition	Transaction Closing Dates	Current No. of Towers	Primary Tower Locations
Global Signal^(a)	2007	10,684	Southeastern, Southwestern, Midwestern, Pacific Coast and Northeastern U.S.
Mountain Union Telecom, LLC	2006	480	Puerto Rico and Southern U.S.
Trintel Communications Inc.	2005	467	Midwestern U.S.
GTE Wireless^(d)	2000(b)	2,870	Eastern, Midwestern, Southwestern and Pacific Coast U.S.
Bell South Mobility(e) and Bell South DCS^(e)	1999 – 2000(c)	3,035	Southeastern and Midwestern U.S.
Bell Atlantic Mobile^(d)	1999	2,014	Eastern, Southwestern U.S.
Powertel^(f)	1999	674	Southeastern U.S.

(a)	6,553 towers were originally acquired by Global Signal from Sprint (a predecessor of Sprint Nextel). See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal” and note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the Global Signal Merger.

(b)	The towers from GTE Wireless were acquired in multiple closings from January 2000 through September 2000.

(c)	The towers from Bell South Mobility and Bell South DCS were acquired in multiple closings from June 1999 through December 2000.

(d)	Now part of Verizon Wireless.

(e)	Now part of AT&T.

(f)	Now part of T-Mobile.

Index to Financial Statements

Site Rental. CCUSA rents space on its towers for antennas and other equipment and leases access to our distributed antenna systems for the transmission of a variety of wireless signals predominately related to wireless voice and data transmission.

We generally receive monthly rental payments from tenants, payable under site leases. Over the last several years, our new leases have generally had initial terms of seven to fifteen years (with three or four optional renewal periods of five years each) and provide for annual price increases based upon a consumer price index, a fixed percentage or a combination thereof. The lease agreements with our tenants relating to tower network acquisitions generally have an original term of ten years, with multiple renewal options at the option of the tenant, each typically ranging from five to ten years. We have existing master lease agreements with most wireless carriers, including Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless, and T-Mobile, which provide certain terms (including economic terms) that govern leases on our towers entered into by such parties during the term of their master lease agreements.

The average monthly rental payment of a new tenant added to a tower varies among the different regions in the U.S. and the type of service being provided by the tenant, with broadband tenants paying more than narrowband tenants (such as paging), primarily as a result of the physical size of the antenna installation. We also routinely receive rental payment increases in connection with lease amendments which authorize carriers to add additional antennas or other equipment to towers on which they already have equipment pursuant to pre-existing lease agreements.

The operating expenditures of our site rental business consist predominately of ground lease expense, property taxes, repairs and maintenance, employee compensation and related benefit costs, and utilities, which tend to escalate at approximately the rate of inflation. As a result of the relative fixed nature of these expenditures, the co-location of additional tenants is achieved at a low incremental cost resulting in high incremental cash flows.

Network Services. We also provide network services, on a limited basis, primarily relating to our towers for our tenants. Our service offerings consist of antenna installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and site selection, site acquisition, site development and other services. We have the capability and expertise to install, with the assistance of our network of subcontractors, equipment and antenna systems for our customers. These activities are typically non-recurring and highly competitive, with a number of local competitors in most markets. We typically bill for our antenna installation services on a fixed price basis. Network services revenues are received primarily from wireless communications companies or their agents.

Customers. In both the site rental and network services businesses, we work with a number of customers. We work extensively with large national wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless, and T-Mobile. Approximately 48% of 2008 CCUSA site rental revenues are with customers (or their parent companies) who are rated investment grade including AT&T, Verizon Wireless (a joint venture of Verizon Communications and Vodafone) and T-Mobile (a subsidiary of Deutsche Telecom). In addition to the four largest customers, our 2008 net revenues and new tenant additions were derived from second tier and emerging wireless customers, such as those offering flat rate calling plans and wireless data technologies. The following table summarizes the net revenues from our four largest customers expressed as a percentage of CCUSA’s and our consolidated revenues for 2008. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”


Customer	% of 2008 CCUSA Net Revenues		% of 2008 Consolidated Net Revenues
Sprint Nextel	25	%	23	%
AT&T	20	%	19	%
Verizon Wireless (a)	18	%	18	%
T-Mobile	13	%	12	%

Total	76	%	72	%

(a)	Inclusive of Alltel as a result of the merger that occurred in January 2009.

Sales and Marketing. The CCUSA sales organization markets our towers within the wireless communications industry with the objective of renting space on existing towers and on new towers prior to construction. We seek to become the critical partner and preferred independent tower provider for our customers and increase customer satisfaction relative to our peers.

Index to Financial Statements

We use public and proprietary databases to develop targeted marketing programs focused on carrier network build-outs, modifications, site additions, new tower builds, distributed antenna systems and network services. Information about carriers’ existing location of antenna space, leases, marketing strategies, capital spend plans, deployment status, and actual wireless carrier signal strength measurements taken in the field is analyzed to match specific towers in our portfolios with potential new site demand. We have developed a patented web-based tool that stores key tower information above and beyond normal property management information, including data on actual customer signal strength, demographics, site readiness and competitive structures. In addition, the web-based tool assists us in estimating potential demand for our towers with greater speed and accuracy. Through these and other tools we have developed, we seek to have proactive discussions with our customers regarding their wireless infrastructure deployment plans and the timing and location of their demand for our towers.

A team of national account directors maintains our relationships with our largest customers. These directors work to develop new tower leasing opportunities, network services contracts and site management opportunities, as well as to ensure that customers’ tower needs are efficiently translated into new leases on our towers. Sales personnel in our area offices develop and maintain local relationships with carriers that are expanding their networks, entering new markets, bringing new technologies to market or requiring maintenance or add-on business. In addition to our full-time sales and marketing staff, a number of senior managers and officers spend a significant portion of their time on sales and marketing activities and call on existing and prospective customers.

Competition. CCUSA competes with (1) other independent tower owners which also provide site rental and network services; (2) wireless carriers which build, own and operate their own tower networks and lease space to other wireless communication companies, and (3) owners of alternative facilities including rooftops, broadcast towers, distributed antenna systems, utility poles, and outdoor advertisers. Wireless carriers that own and operate their own tower networks generally are substantially larger and have greater financial resources than we have. We believe that tower location and capacity, deployment speed, quality of service and price have been and will continue to be the most significant competitive factors affecting the leasing of a tower.

Some of the larger independent tower companies with which CCUSA competes in the U.S. include American Tower Corporation, SBA Communications Corporation, Global Tower Partners and TowerCo. Significant additional site rental competition comes from the renting of rooftops, utility structures and other alternative sites for antennas.

Competitors in the network services business include site acquisition consultants, zoning consultants, real estate firms, right-of-way consulting firms, construction companies, tower owners and managers, radio frequency engineering consultants, telecommunications equipment vendors who can provide turnkey site development services through multiple subcontractors, and our customers’ internal staffs. We believe that carriers base their decisions on the outsourcing of network services on criteria such as a company’s experience, track record, local reputation, price and time for completion of a project.

CCAL

Our primary business in Australia is the renting of antenna space on towers to our customers. CCAL is owned 77.6% by us and 22.4% by Permanent Nominees (Aust) Ltd, acting on behalf of a group of professional and private investors led by Todd Capital Limited. CCAL is the largest independent tower operator in Australia. As of December 31, 2008, CCAL had approximately 1,600 towers, with a strategic presence in each of Australia’s major metropolitan areas, including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. The vast majority of CCAL’s towers were acquired from Optus (in 2000) and Vodafone (in 2001). CCAL also provides a range of services including site maintenance and property management services for towers owned by third parties.

For 2008, CCAL comprised 6% of our consolidated net revenues. CCAL’s principal customers are Vodafone, Optus, Telstra and Hutchison. For 2008, these four carriers accounted for approximately 95% of CCAL’s revenues, with Vodafone and Optus accounting for 36% and 35%, respectively. In February 2009, Vodafone and Hutchison agreed to merge their Australian operations in a joint venture named VHA Pty Ltd. We are evaluating the impact this joint venture may have on CCAL; however, we currently do not believe it will have a material adverse impact.

Index to Financial Statements

In Australia, CCAL competes with wireless carriers, which own and operate their own tower networks; service companies that provide site maintenance and property management services; and other site owners, such as broadcasters and building owners. The two other significant tower owners in Australia are Broadcast Australia, an independent operator of broadcast towers, and Telstra, a wireless carrier. We believe that tower location, capacity, quality of service, deployment speed and price within a geographic market are the most significant competitive factors affecting the leasing of a tower.

All four of the major carriers in Australia have deployed extensive 3G networks which provide high bandwidth wireless services that are generally more robust and faster than typically experienced in the U.S. In addition, the wireless penetration rate in Australia exceeds 100% (e.g., number of devices exceeds population). These 3G networks utilize a large number of our towers.

Employees

At February 17, 2009, we employed approximately 1,300 people worldwide. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements. We have not experienced any strikes or work stoppages, and management believes that our employee relations are satisfactory.

Regulatory Matters

To date, we have not incurred any material fines or penalties or experienced any material adverse effects to our business as a result of any domestic or international regulations. The summary below is based on regulations currently in effect, and such regulations are subject to review and modification by the applicable governmental authority from time to time. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be fined or even lose our rights to conduct some of our business.

United States

Federal Regulations. Both the FCC and the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) regulate towers used for wireless communications, radio and television broadcasting. Such regulations control the siting, lighting and marking of towers and may, depending on the characteristics of particular towers, require the registration of tower facilities with the FCC and the issuance of determinations confirming no hazard to air traffic. Wireless communications devices operating on towers are separately regulated and independently licensed based upon the particular frequency used. In addition, the FCC and the FAA have developed standards to consider proposals for new or modified tower and antenna structures based upon the height and location, including proximity to airports. Proposals to construct or to modify existing tower and antenna structures above certain heights are reviewed by the FAA to ensure the structure will not present a hazard to aviation, which determination may be conditioned upon compliance with lighting and marking requirements. The FCC requires its licensees to operate communications devices only on towers that comply with FAA rules and are registered with the FCC, if required by its regulations. Where tower lighting is required by FAA regulation, tower owners bear the responsibility of notifying the FAA of any tower lighting outage and ensuring the timely restoration of such outages. Failure to comply with the applicable requirements may lead to civil penalties.

Local Regulations. The U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 amended the Communications Act of 1934 to preserve state and local zoning authorities’ jurisdiction over the siting of communications towers. The law, however, limits local zoning authority by prohibiting actions by local authorities that discriminate between different service providers of wireless services or ban altogether the provision of wireless services. Additionally, the law prohibits state and local restrictions based on the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent the facilities comply with FCC regulations.

Local regulations include city and other local ordinances (including subdivision and zoning ordinances), approvals for construction, modification and removal of towers, and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers. These regulations vary greatly, but typically require us to obtain approval from local officials prior to tower construction. Local zoning authorities may render decisions that prevent the construction or modification of towers or place conditions on such construction or modifications that are responsive to community residents’ concerns regarding the height, visibility and other characteristics of the towers. Decisions of local zoning authorities may also adversely affect the timing and cost of tower construction and modification.

Index to Financial Statements

Other Regulations. We hold, through certain of our subsidiaries, certain licenses for radio transmission facilities granted by the FCC, including licenses for common carrier microwave service, commercial and private mobile radio service, specialized mobile radio and paging service, which are subject to additional regulation by the FCC. Our FCC license relating to our 1670-1675 MHz U.S. nationwide spectrum license (“Spectrum”) contains certain conditions related to the services that may be provided thereunder, the technical equipment used in connection therewith and the circumstances under which it may be renewed. We are required to obtain the FCC’s approval prior to assigning or transferring control of our FCC licenses.

Australia

Federal Regulations. Carrier licenses and nominated carrier declarations issued under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997 authorize the use of network units for the supply of telecommunications services to the public. The definition of “network units” includes line links and base stations used for wireless telephony services but does not include tower infrastructure. Accordingly, CCAL as a tower owner and operator does not require a carrier license under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997. Similarly, because CCAL does not own any transmitters or spectrum, it does not currently require any apparatus or spectrum licenses issued under the Australian Radiocommunications Act 1992.

Carriers have a statutory obligation to provide other carriers with access to towers, and if there is a dispute (including a pricing dispute), the matter may be referred to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission for resolution. As a non-carrier, CCAL is not subject to this regime, and our customers negotiate site access on a commercial basis.

While the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997 grants certain exemptions from planning laws for the installation of “low impact facilities,” newly constructed towers are expressly excluded from the definition of “low impact facilities.” Accordingly, in connection with the construction of towers, CCAL is subject to state and local planning laws which vary on a site by site basis. Structural enhancements may be undertaken on behalf of a carrier without state and local planning approval under the general “maintenance power” under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997, although these enhancements may be subject to state and local planning laws if CCAL is unable to obtain carrier co-operation to use that legislative power. For a limited number of towers, CCAL is also required to install aircraft warning lighting in compliance with federal aviation regulations. In Australia, a carrier may arguably be able to utilize the “maintenance power” under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997 to remain as a tenant on a tower after the expiration of a site license or sublease; however, CCAL’s customer access agreements generally limit the ability of customers to do this, and, even if a carrier did utilize this power, the carrier would be required to pay for CCAL’s financial loss, which would roughly equal the site rental revenues that would have otherwise been payable.

Local Regulations. In Australia there are various local, state and territory laws and regulations which relate to, among other things, town planning and zoning restrictions, standards and approvals for the design, construction or alteration of a structure or facility, and environmental regulations. As in the U.S., these laws vary greatly, but typically require tower owners to obtain approval from governmental bodies prior to tower construction and to comply with environmental laws on an ongoing basis.

Environmental Matters

To date, we have not incurred any material fines or penalties or experienced any material adverse effects to our business as a result of any domestic or international environmental regulations or matters. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

The construction of new towers in the U.S. may be subject to environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (“NEPA”) which requires federal agencies to evaluate the environmental impact of major federal actions. The FCC has promulgated regulations implementing NEPA which require applicants to investigate the potential environmental impact of the proposed tower construction. Should the proposed tower construction present a significant environmental impact, the FCC must prepare an environmental impact statement, subject to public comment. If a proposed tower may have a significant impact on the environment, the FCC’s approval of the construction could be significantly delayed.

Our operations are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the management, use, storage, disposal, emission, and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances, materials and wastes. As an owner, lessee or operator of real property, we are subject to certain environmental laws that

Index to Financial Statements

impose strict, joint-and-several liability for the cleanup of on-site or off-site contamination relating to existing or historical operations; and we could also be subject to personal injury or property damage claims relating to such contamination. We are potentially subject to environmental and cleanup liabilities in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico) and Australia.

As licensees and tower owners, we are also subject to regulations and guidelines that impose a variety of operational requirements relating to radio frequency emissions. As employers, we are subject to OSHA (and similar occupational health and safety legislation in Australia) and similar guidelines regarding employee protection from radio frequency exposure. The potential connection between radio frequency emissions and certain negative health effects, including some forms of cancer, has been the subject of substantial study by the scientific community in recent years.

We have compliance programs and monitoring projects to help assure that we are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that the costs of compliance with existing or future environmental laws will not have a material adverse effect on us.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

You should carefully consider all of the risks described below, as well as the other information contained in this document, when evaluating your investment in our securities.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, the majority, if not all, of which we anticipate refinancing or repaying within the next three years. In the event we do not repay or refinance such indebtedness, we could face substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness (approximately $6.8 billion as of February 17, 2009), and we anticipate refinancing the majority, if not all, of this indebtedness and our preferred stock within the next three years. If our tower revenue notes, which were issued by our U.S. tower subsidiaries that comprised substantially all of our tower business prior to the Global Signal Merger and had an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $3.45 billion as of December 31, 2008, are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (five years from their original issuances in 2005 and 2006), then the interest rates on those notes will increase substantially (by the greater of (1) an additional 5% per annum over their current rates or (2) the amount, if any, by which the sum of the following exceeds the note rate for a class of tower revenue notes: the yield to maturity on the applicable anticipated repayment date of the United States treasury security having a term closest to 10 years, plus 5%, plus the post-anticipated repayment date spread for such class of tower revenue notes) and monthly amortization payments will commence. If this occurs, then substantially all of the cash flows of those tower subsidiaries must be applied to repay principal of the tower revenue notes. As of February 17, 2009, our mortgage loans, which were issued by the Global Signal tower subsidiaries prior to the Global Signal Merger, in the aggregate principal amounts of $246.5 million and $1.46 billion, have contractual maturities in December 2009 and February 2011, respectively. If we fail to repay or refinance such mortgage loans when due, it would constitute an event of default under such mortgage loans, as well as some of our other indebtedness. We are also required to redeem all outstanding shares of our 6.25% convertible preferred stock in August 2012 for approximately $323.0 million, including accrued but unpaid dividends. There can be no assurances we will be able to effect these anticipated refinancings on commercially reasonable terms, or terms, including with respect to interest rates, as favorable as our current debt and preferred stock, or at all.

In early 2007, a crisis began in the subprime mortgage sector, as a result of rising delinquencies and credit quality deterioration, and the conditions in the general credit markets have continued to deteriorate with widening credit spreads and a lack of liquidity, including certain debt markets being unavailable. In addition to a lack of liquidity in the general credit markets, the current credit crisis has resulted in a widening of credit spreads in the marketplace in general and for us specifically. This crisis together with the global economic recession have adversely impacted our access to capital, and there can be no assurances that the global economic recession or the liquidity crisis will not worsen or negatively impact the availability and cost of debt financing, including with respect to any refinancings of the obligations described above.

Index to Financial Statements

could face substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations. Failure to refinance indebtedness when required could result in a default under such indebtedness. Assuming we meet certain financial ratios, we have the ability under our debt instruments to incur additional indebtedness, and any additional indebtedness we incur could exacerbate the risks described above. See the risk factor below concerning our obligations relating to our interest rate swaps.

Our substantial level of indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to react to changes in our business, and the terms of our debt instruments limit our ability to take a number of actions that our management might otherwise believe to be in our best interests. In addition, if we fail to comply with our covenants, our debt could be accelerated.

As a result of our need to repay and refinance debt in the current difficult credit markets, demands on our cash resources are higher than they otherwise would be, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of our substantial indebtedness:

•

we may be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

•

we may find it more difficult to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements or to refinance our existing indebtedness;

•

we are required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations (approximately $360.6 million of our total cash flows from operations for 2008) to the payment of principal and interest on our debt, reducing the available cash flow to fund other projects;

•

we may have limited flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and in the industry;

•

we may have a competitive disadvantage relative to other companies in our industry with less debt;

•

we may be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity or sell some of our assets, possibly on unfavorable terms, in order to meet payment obligations; and

•

we may be limited in our ability to take advantage of strategic business opportunities, including tower development and mergers and acquisitions.

Currently we have debt instruments in place that limit in certain circumstances our ability to incur indebtedness, pay dividends, create liens, sell assets and engage in certain mergers and acquisitions. Our subsidiaries, under their debt instruments, are also required to maintain specific financial ratios. Our ability to comply with the financial ratio covenants under these instruments and to satisfy our debt obligations will depend on our future operating performance. If we fail to comply with the debt restrictions, we will be in default under those instruments, which in some cases would cause the maturity of substantially all of our long-term indebtedness to be accelerated. If our subsidiaries that issued the tower revenue notes and mortgage loans were to default on the debt, the trustee could seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of the securitized towers, in which case we could lose the towers and the revenues associated with the towers.

CCIC and CCOC are holding companies and conduct all of their operations through their subsidiaries. Accordingly, CCIC’s and CCOC’s source of cash to pay interest and principal on their outstanding indebtedness and preferred stock is distributions relating to their ownership interests in their subsidiaries from the net earnings and cash flow generated by such subsidiaries or from proceeds of debt or equity offerings. Earnings and cash flow generated by their subsidiaries are first applied by such subsidiaries in conducting their operations, including the service of their respective debt obligations after which any excess cash flow generally may be paid to a holding company. However, their subsidiaries are legally distinct from the holding companies and, unless they guarantee such debt, have no obligation to pay amounts due on their debt or to make funds available to us for such payment.

Our interest rate swaps are currently in a substantial liability position and will need to be cash settled within the next three years, which could adversely affect our financial condition.

We have used interest rate swaps to hedge our interest rate risk related to variability in LIBOR, which could adversely affect our financial condition. As a result of our interest rate swaps we would not benefit from the recent declines in LIBOR if the declines remain when we will need to cash settle these obligations, generally on the anticipated issuance date of the forecasted transaction. As of February 17, 2009, our outstanding forward-starting interest rate swaps had a combined notional amount of $5.3 billion; and the liability on a settlement basis totaled

Index to Financial Statements

$503.1 million on a settlement basis. In addition as of February 17, 2009, we have two interest rate swaps, with a combined notional amount of $625.0 million that will be settled in 2009 and would currently result in total payments by us of $17.4 million. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for the cash obligations by year of maturity, based on current interest rates and the yield curve in effect as of December 31, 2008, required to settle the forward-starting interest rate swaps.

Our business depends on the demand for wireless communications and towers, and we may be adversely affected by any slowdown in such demand.

Demand for our towers depends on the demand for antenna space from our customers, which, in turn, depends on the demand for wireless telephony and data services by their customers. The willingness of our customers to utilize our infrastructure, or renew existing leases on our towers, is affected by numerous factors, including:

•

consumer demand for wireless services;

•

availability and capacity of our towers and the land under those towers;

•

location of our towers and alternative towers;

•

financial condition of our customers, including their availability and cost of capital;

•

willingness of our customers to maintain or increase their capital expenditures;

•

increased use of network sharing, roaming, joint development, or resale agreements by our customers;

•

mergers or consolidations among our customers;

•

governmental regulations, including local and state restrictions on the proliferation of towers;

•

cost of constructing towers;

•

technological changes, including those affecting (1) the number or type of towers or other communications sites needed to provide wireless communications services to a given geographic area and (2) the obsolescence of certain existing wireless networks; and

•

our ability to efficiently satisfy our customers’ service requirements.

A slowdown in demand for wireless communications or our towers may negatively impact our revenues or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

A substantial portion of our revenues is derived from a small number of customers, and the loss, consolidation or financial instability of, or network sharing among, any of our limited number of customers may materially decrease revenues.

For 2008, approximately 72% of our consolidated revenues was derived from Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless and T-Mobile, which represented 23%, 19%, 18% and 12%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenues. The loss of any one of our large customers as a result of bankruptcy, insolvency, consolidation, merger with other customers of ours or otherwise may materially decrease our revenues and have other adverse effects on our business. We cannot guarantee that the leases (including management agreements) with our major wireless carriers will not be terminated or that these carriers will renew such agreements. See also “Item 1. Business—The Company.”

Consolidation among our customers may result in duplicate or overlapping parts of networks, which may result in a reduction of sites and have a negative effect on revenues and cash flows.

Consolidation among our customers will likely result in duplicate or overlapping parts of networks, which may result in a reduction of cell sites and impact revenues from our towers. In addition, consolidation may result in a reduction in such customers’ future capital expenditures in the aggregate because their expansion plans may be similar. In the last several years, certain of our larger carrier customers have merged, including Cingular Wireless (now known as AT&T) with AT&T Wireless in October 2004 and Sprint with Nextel in August 2005. Any industry consolidation could decrease the demand for our towers, which in turn may result in a reduction in our revenues and cash flows.

Sales or issuances of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Future sales or issuances of a substantial number of shares of common stock or other equity related securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As of February 17, 2009, we had 288.7 million shares

Index to Financial Statements

of common stock outstanding. In addition, we reserved (1) 15.6 million shares of common stock for future issuance under our various stock compensation plans and (2) 8.6 million shares of common stock for the conversion of our outstanding convertible preferred stock. If conditions in the credit markets do not improve, we may face liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities which may cause the price of our common stock to decline significantly.

In addition, a small number of stockholders own a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock. If any one of these stockholders, or any group of our stockholders, sells a large quantity of shares of our common stock, or the public market perceives that existing stockholders might sell a large quantity of shares of our common stock, the market price of our common stock may significantly decline.

A wireless communications industry slowdown may materially and adversely affect our business (including reducing demand for our towers and network services) and the business of our customers.

In past years, the wireless communications industry has periodically experienced significant general slowdowns which negatively affected the factors described in these risk factors, influencing demand for tower space and network services. Similar slowdowns in the future may reduce consumer demand for wireless services or negatively impact the debt and equity markets, thereby causing carriers to delay or abandon implementation of new systems and technologies. The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue and perhaps worsen during 2009. There can be no assurances that such a difficult economic environment will not adversely impact the wireless communications industry, which may materially and adversely affect our business, including by reducing demand for our towers and network services. A wireless communications industry slowdown may result in the write-off of some or all of our goodwill and our inability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards.

As a result of competition in our industry, including from some competitors with significantly more resources or less debt than we have, we may find it more difficult to achieve favorable rental rates on our towers.

We face competition for site rental customers from various sources, including:

•

other independent tower owners;

•

wireless carriers that own and operate their own towers and lease antenna space to other wireless communication companies;

•

alternative facilities including rooftops, distributed antenna systems, broadcast towers and utility poles; and

•

new alternative deployment methods.

Wireless carriers that own and operate their own tower portfolios are generally substantially larger and have greater financial resources than we have. Competition for tenants on towers may adversely affect rental rates and revenues.

New technologies may significantly reduce demand for our towers and negatively impact our revenues.

Improvements in the efficiency of wireless networks could reduce the demand for our towers. For example, signal combining technologies that permit one antenna to service multiple frequencies and, thereby, multiple customers, may reduce the need for our towers. In addition, other technologies, such as wireless mesh networks, voice-over-Wi-Fi, femtocells, satellite transmission systems (such as low earth orbiting), and distributed antenna systems, may, in the future, serve as substitutes for or alternatives to leasing that might otherwise be anticipated or expected on our towers had such technologies not existed. Any significant reduction in tower leasing demand resulting from the previously mentioned technologies or other technologies may negatively impact our revenues or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

New wireless technologies may not deploy or be adopted by customers as rapidly or in the manner projected.

There can be no assurances that 3G, 4G, wireless data services such as e-mail, internet and mobile video, or other new wireless technologies will be introduced or deployed as rapidly or in the manner projected by the wireless or broadcast industries. In addition, demand and customer adoption rates for such new technologies may be lower or slower than anticipated for numerous reasons. As a result, growth opportunities and demand for our towers as a result of such technologies may not be realized at the times or to the extent anticipated.

Index to Financial Statements

If we fail to retain rights to the land under our towers, our business may be adversely affected.

Our real property interests relating to the land on which our towers reside consist primarily of leasehold and sub-leasehold interests, fee interests, easements, licenses and rights-of-way. A loss of these interests may interfere with our ability to conduct our business and generate revenues. For various reasons, we may not always have the ability to access, analyze and verify all information regarding titles and other issues prior to completing an acquisition of towers. Further, we may not be able to renew ground leases on commercially viable terms. Our ability to retain rights to the land on which our towers reside depends on our ability to renegotiate and extend the terms of the ground leases, subleases and licenses relating to the land on which our towers reside or purchase the land on which such towers reside. Approximately 11% of our towers are on land where our property interests in such land have a final expiration date of less than ten years. Our inability to retain rights to the land on which our towers reside may have a material adverse effect on us.

If we are unable to raise capital in the future when needed, we may not be able to fund future growth opportunities.

We may need additional sources of debt or equity capital in the future to fund growth opportunities, including other alternatives to funding discretionary capital expenditures given the global economic recession and current capital constraints. Additional financing may be unavailable, may be prohibitively expensive, or may be restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. Additional sales of equity securities would dilute our existing stockholders. If we are unable to raise capital when our needs arise, we may not be able to fund future growth opportunities.

Our lease relating to our Spectrum has certain risk factors different from our core tower business, including that the Spectrum lease may not be renewed or continued, that the option to acquire the Spectrum license may not be exercised, and that the Spectrum may not be deployed, which may result in the revenues derived from the Spectrum being less than those that may otherwise have been anticipated.

We entered into a lease as lessor relating to the Spectrum rights we acquired in 2003 pursuant to an FCC license. Our Spectrum lease has an initial term for a $13 million annual lease fee beginning July 23, 2007 until October 1, 2013. Upon the expiration of the initial term of the lease, the lessee will have the right to acquire the Spectrum for $130 million (with a consumer price index adjustment from July 2007) or to renew the lease for a period of up to ten years on the same terms, subject to the annual lease fee increasing to $14.3 million. The lessee’s right to renew the lease or acquire the Spectrum following the initial term is subject to FCC license renewal and approval, which may not be obtained. In the event that the lessee defaults on the Spectrum lease, that the option to acquire the Spectrum license or renew the Spectrum lease is not exercised, or that the Spectrum is not deployed, the revenues derived from the Spectrum may be substantially less than anticipated.

If we fail to comply with laws or regulations which regulate our business and which may change at any time, we may be fined or even lose our right to conduct some of our business.

A variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations apply to our business. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may lead to civil penalties or require us to assume indemnification obligations or breach contractual provisions. We cannot guarantee that existing or future laws or regulations, including state and local tax laws, will not adversely affect our business, increase delays or result in additional costs. These factors may have a material adverse effect on us.

Our network services business has historically experienced significant volatility in demand, which reduces the predictability of our results.

The operating results of our network services business for any particular period may vary significantly and should not necessarily be considered indicative of longer-term results for this activity. In the foreseeable future, network services revenues may decline as a percentage of our total revenues due to our focus on our core rental business, increased competition or other factors. The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue and perhaps worsen during 2009. There can be no assurances that such a difficult economic environment will not adversely impact our network services business.

Index to Financial Statements

If radio frequency emissions from wireless handsets or equipment on our towers are demonstrated to cause negative health effects, potential future claims could adversely affect our operations, costs and revenues.

The potential connection between radio frequency emissions and certain negative health effects, including some forms of cancer, has been the subject of substantial study by the scientific community in recent years. We cannot guarantee that claims relating to radio frequency emissions will not arise in the future or that the results of such studies will not be adverse to us.

Public perception of possible health risks associated with cellular and other wireless communications may slow or diminish the growth of wireless companies, which may in turn slow or diminish our growth. In particular, negative public perception of, and regulations regarding, these perceived health risks may slow or diminish the market acceptance of wireless communications services. If a connection between radio emissions and possible negative health effects were established, our operations, costs and revenues may be materially and adversely affected. We currently do not maintain any significant insurance with respect to these matters.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, by-laws and operative agreements and domestic and international competition laws may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us or for us to acquire control of a third party, even if such a change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

We have a number of anti-takeover devices in place that will hinder takeover attempts and may reduce the market value of our common stock. Our anti-takeover provisions include:

•

a staggered board of directors;

•

the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock without approval of the holders of our common stock; and

•

advance notice requirements for director nominations and actions to be taken at annual meetings.

Our by-laws permit special meetings of the stockholders to be called only upon the request of our Chief Executive Officer or a majority of the board of directors, and deny stockholders the ability to call such meetings. Such provisions, as well as the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, may impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

In addition, domestic and international competition laws may prevent or discourage us from acquiring towers or tower networks in certain geographical areas or impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

We are exposed to counterparty risk through our interest rate swaps and a counterparty default could adversely affect our financial condition.

As a consequence of the global financial crisis, the credit worthiness of certain of our contracted counterparties (particularly financial institutions) has deteriorated; and therefore, we are exposed to an increased risk that one or more of the counterparties to our hedging transactions could default on their obligations to us, which could adversely affect our financial condition. For example, a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. (“Lehman Brothers”) that is the counterparty for two of our interest rate swaps filed for bankruptcy in October 2008. These two interest rate swaps had a combined notional value of $475 million and represented a liability to us of approximately $46.3 million as of December 31, 2008. Our arrangements with Lehman Brothers are subject to the resolution of Lehman’s bankruptcy proceedings and may result in an assignment of our arrangement by Lehman to a third party. While we have certain rights to object to an assignment, the outcome of such proceedings is uncertain. We also have interest rate swaps with other financial institutions, including Morgan Stanley and the Royal Bank of Scotland PLC. To the extent the financial crisis and LIBOR increases cause our credit exposure to contracted counterparties to become an asset, such increased exposure could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Index to Financial Statements

We may be adversely effected by exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relating to our operations in Australia.

Our Australian operations expose us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. For 2008, approximately 6% of our consolidated net revenues were denominated in Australian dollars. We have not historically engaged in significant hedging activities relating to our Australian operations, and we may suffer future losses as a result of changes in currency exchange rates.

Available Information and Certifications

We maintain an internet website at www.crowncastle.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K (and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are made available, free of charge, through the investor relations section of our internet website at http://investor.crowncastle.com/sec.cfm as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

In addition, our corporate governance guidelines, business practices and ethics policy and the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee are available through the investor relations section of our internet website at http://www.crowncastle.com/investor/corpgovernance.asp, and such information is also available in print to any stockholder who requests it.

We submitted the Chief Executive Officer certification required by Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Listed Company Manual, relating to compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards, to the NYSE on May 30, 2008 with no qualifications. We have included the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.

Properties

Our principal CCUSA corporate offices are located in Houston, Texas and Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and are owned. Our principal CCAL corporate office is located in Sydney, Australia and is leased. In the U.S., we lease and maintain area offices located in (1) Charlotte, North Carolina, (2) Alpharetta, Georgia, and (3) Phoenix, Arizona, which are in addition to the area office operated from our Canonsburg, Pennsylvania corporate office. The principal responsibilities of these area offices are to manage the renting of tower space on a local basis, maintain the towers already located in the area and service our customers in the area. In addition, we lease additional, smaller district offices, which report to the area offices, in locations with high tower concentrations.

Towers are vertical metal structures generally ranging in height from 50 to 1,500 feet. In addition, wireless communications equipment may also be placed on building rooftops. Towers are generally located on tracts of land of up to ten acres. These tracts of land support the towers, equipment shelters and, where applicable, guy wires to stabilize the structure.

We are and expect to continue to endeavor to renegotiate and extend the terms of ground leases and in some cases are acquiring the land on which such towers reside to further our control of the property interests in the land on which our towers are located. For a tabular presentation of the remaining terms to final expiration of the ground leases, subleases, or licenses for the land which we do not own and on which our towers are located as of December 31, 2008. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Contractual Cash Obligations.”

As of December 31, 2008, we owned in fee or had perpetual or long-term easements in the land on which approximately 23% of our towers reside (up from 20% as of December 31, 2007), and we leased, subleased or licensed the land on which approximately 74% of our towers reside. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, approximately 3% of our towers were owned by third parties where we had the right to market space on the tower or where we had sublease arrangements with the tower owner. Our ground leases, subleases and licenses generally have five or ten year initial terms at CCUSA and ten to 15 year initial terms at CCAL, and frequently contain one or more renewal options.

Index to Financial Statements

Our tower revenue notes issued in 2005 and 2006 are effectively secured by approximately 6,800 of our towers and the cash flows from those towers. Governing documents relating to another approximately 4,900 towers prevent liens from being granted on those towers without approval of a subsidiary of Verizon; however, distributions paid from the entities that own those towers will also service the tower revenue notes. In addition, approximately 9,000 of our towers and the cash flows derived from these towers are effectively pledged as security for our mortgage loans. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

Substantially all of our CCUSA towers can accommodate another tenant either as currently constructed or with appropriate modifications to the tower. Additionally, if so inclined as a result of customer demand, we could generally also tear down an existing tower and reconstruct another tower in its place with additional capacity, subject to certain restrictions. As of December 31, 2008, the weighted-average number of tenants per tower is approximately 2.7 on our CCUSA towers. A summary of the number of existing tenants per CCUSA tower as of December 31, 2008, is as follows:


Number of Tenants		Percent of CCUSA Towers
Greater than five		7%
Five		7%
Four		12%
Three		18%
Two		24%
Less than two		32%

Total		100%

See “Item 1. Business” for a discussion of the location of our towers in the U.S. and Australia, including the percentage of our U.S. towers in the top 50 and 100 BTAs and the primary location of our U.S. towers by acquisition.

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

We are periodically involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business along with a stockholder derivative lawsuit as described below. Most of these proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business involve disputes with landlords, vendors, collection matters involving bankrupt customers, zoning and variance matters, condemnation or wrongful termination claims. While the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not expect any pending matters to have a material adverse effect on us.

In February 2007, plaintiffs filed a consolidated petition styled In Re Crown Castle International Corp. Derivative Litigation, Cause No. 2006-49592; in the 234^th Judicial District Court, Harris County, Texas which consolidated five stockholder derivative lawsuits filed in 2006. The lawsuit names various of our current and former directors and officers. The lawsuit makes allegations relating to our historic stock option practices and alleges claims for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar matters. Among the forms of relief, the lawsuit seeks alleged monetary damages sustained by CCIC.

Item 4.

Submissions of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

Index to Financial Statements

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Price Range of Common Stock

Our common stock is listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CCI”. The following table sets forth for the calendar periods indicated the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported by NYSE.


	High		Low
2007:
First Quarter	$	37.32	$	30.42
Second Quarter		37.69		32.00
Third Quarter		41.69		33.40
Fourth Quarter		43.16		36.11

2008:
First Quarter	$	41.67	$	30.35
Second Quarter		43.24		34.69
Third Quarter		38.91		26.37
Fourth Quarter		28.75		8.75

As of February 17, 2009, there were approximately 820 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends on our common stock. It is our current policy to retain our cash provided by operating activities to finance the expansion of our operations, to reduce our debt or to purchase our own stock (either common or preferred). Future declaration and payment of cash dividends, if any, will be determined in light of the then-current conditions, including our earnings, cash flows from operations, capital requirements, financial condition, our relative market capitalization and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is limited by the terms of our debt instruments under certain circumstances and the terms of our convertible preferred stock.

The holders of our 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative dividends at the rate of 6.25% per annum, payable on a quarterly basis. We have the option to pay the dividends on such series of preferred stock in cash or in shares of common stock. The number of shares of common stock required to be issued to pay such dividends is dependent upon the market value of our common stock at the time such dividend is required to be paid. In 2007 and 2008, dividends on our 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock were paid in each of those years utilizing approximately $19.9 million in cash. We may choose to continue cash payments of the dividends in the future in order to avoid dilution caused by the issuance of common stock as dividends on our preferred stock.

Equity Compensation Plans

Certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans is set forth in Item 12 herein.

Index to Financial Statements

Performance Graph

The following performance graph is a comparison of the five year cumulative stockholder return on our common stock against the cumulative total return of the NYSE Market Index, the Dow Jones Telecommunication Equipment Index and the SIC Code Index (Communications Services, NEC) for the period commencing December 31, 2003 and ending December 31, 2008. The performance graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in our common stock and in each of the indices. The performance graph and related text are based on historical data and are not necessarily indicative of future performance.

LOGO


	Years Ended December 31,
Company/Index/Market	2003		2004		2005		2006		2007		2008
Crown Castle International Corp.	$	100.00	$	150.86	$	243.97	$	292.84	$	377.15	$	159.38
Communications Services, NEC		100.00		155.88		129.70		162.75		182.94		100.58
NYSE Market Index		100.00		112.92		122.25		143.23		150.88		94.76
DJ Telecommunication Equipment Index		100.00		94.42		114.53		122.47		116.00		75.26

The performance graph above and related text are being furnished solely to accompany this annual report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ours, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

Index to Financial Statements

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data

Our selected historical consolidated financial and other data set forth below for each of the five years in the period ended December 31, 2008, and as of December 31, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. Acquisitions and dispositions can affect the year-to-year comparability of our results. In January 2007, we completed the Global Signal Merger. The results of operations from Global Signal have been included in our results from January 12, 2007. The Global Signal Merger significantly increased our tower portfolio and impacted the comparability of our 2007 and 2008 results and changes in financial condition to prior periods. Our other significant acquisitions are discussed in “Item 1. Business.” The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Item 1. Business,” “Item 7. MD&A” and our consolidated financial statements.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2004(b)			2005(b)			2006(b)			2007			2008
	(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)
Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenues:
Site rental	$	538,309		$	597,125		$	696,724		$	1,286,468		$	1,402,559
Network services and other		65,893			79,634			91,497			99,018			123,945

Total net revenues		604,202			676,759			788,221			1,385,486			1,526,504

Operating expenses:
Costs of operations(a):
Site rental		184,273			197,355			212,454			443,342			456,123
Network services and other		46,752			54,630			60,507			65,742			82,452

Total costs of operations		231,025			251,985			272,961			509,084			538,575

General and administrative		101,193			113,910			104,532			142,846			149,586
Restructuring charges (credits)		939			2,615			(391	)		3,191			—
Asset write-down charges(c)		7,652			2,925			2,945			65,515			16,888
Integration costs(d)		—			—			1,503			25,418			2,504
Depreciation, amortization and accretion		284,991			281,118			285,244			539,904			526,442

Operating income (loss)		(21,598	)		24,206			121,427			99,528			292,509
Interest expense, amortization of deferred financing costs(e)		(206,770	)		(133,806	)		(162,328	)		(350,259	)		(354,114	)
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt(e)		(78,036	)		(283,797	)		(5,843	)		—			42
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps(f)		—			(1,130	)		491			—			(37,888	)
Impairment of available-for-sale securities(g)		—			—			—			(75,623	)		(55,869	)
Interest and other income (expense)		(228	)		2,484			(2,120	)		9,351			2,101

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests		(306,632	)		(392,043	)		(48,373	)		(317,003	)		(153,219	)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes(h)		5,370			(3,225	)		(843	)		94,039			104,361
Minority interests		398			3,525			1,666			151			—

Income (loss) from continuing operations		(300,864	)		(391,743	)		(47,550	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)
Discontinued operations(i):
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		40,578			(1,953	)		—			—			—
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax		494,110			2,801			5,657			—			—

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		534,688			848			5,657			—			—

Income (loss) before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle		233,824			(390,895	)		(41,893	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle for asset retirement obligations		—			(9,031	)		—			—			—

Net income (loss)(j)		233,824			(399,926	)		(41,893	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)
Dividends on preferred stock, net of losses on purchases of preferred stock(k)		(38,618	)		(49,356	)		(20,806	)		(20,805	)		(20,806	)

Net income (loss) after deduction of dividends on preferred stock, net of losses on purchases of preferred stock	$	195,206		$	(449,282	)	$	(62,699	)	$	(243,618	)	$	(69,664	)

Per common share—basic and diluted:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(1.54	)	$	(2.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.25	)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations		2.42			—			0.03			—			—
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle		—			(0.04	)		—			—			—

Net income (loss)	$	0.88		$	(2.06	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.25	)

Weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted (in thousands)		221,693			217,759			207,245			279,937			282,007

Index to Financial Statements


	Years Ended December 31,
	2004(b)			2005(b)			2006(b)			2007			2008
	(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)
Other Data:
Summary cash flow information:
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	$	121,501		$	204,912		$	275,759		$	350,355		$	513,001
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities		(319,200	)		(264,140	)		(432,499	)		(791,448	)		(476,613	)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		(1,689,601	)		(445,636	)		678,914			(77,782	)		47,717
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(l)		—			—			—			—			—
Balance Sheet Data (at period end):
Cash and cash equivalents	$	566,707		$	65,408		$	592,716		$	75,245		$	155,219
Available-for-sale securities(m)		—			—			154,955			60,085			4,216
Property and equipment, net		3,375,022			3,294,333			3,246,446			5,051,055			5,060,126
Total assets		4,574,567			4,131,317			5,007,464			10,488,133			10,361,722
Total debt(e)		1,850,398			2,270,686			3,513,890			6,069,195			6,096,744
Redeemable preferred stock(n)		508,040			311,943			312,871			313,798			314,726
Total stockholders’ equity		1,849,494			1,178,376			756,281			3,166,911			2,715,865

(a)	Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.

(b)	See introductory remarks regarding the Global Signal Merger.

(c)	2007 is inclusive of $57.6 million related to the write-off of substantially all of our Modeo assets other than the Spectrum. See notes 17 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

(d)	Integration costs are related to the Global Signal Merger. The integration of Global Signal was completed in the first quarter of 2008. See notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

(e)

Over the last several years we have primarily utilized securitized borrowings to 1) simplify our capital structure, 2) lower our weighted-average interest rate, 3) make discretionary investments such as tower acquisitions and purchases of our common stock, and 4) eliminate the potential conversion of certain debt and preferred stock into common stock. The following is a discussion of our debt activity for each of the last five years. See also note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

•

During 2004, we reduced our debt by $1.6 billion primarily with proceeds from the sale of our former U.K. operating subsidiary (“CCUK”). We incurred losses on the purchase of the 4% convertible notes and the repayment of a credit facility.

•

During 2005, we lowered our weighted-average interest rate by refinancing our high yield debt with the proceeds from $1.9 billion of tower revenue notes. We incurred losses on the purchase of the high yield notes and the 4% convertible notes.

•

During 2006, we increased our debt by approximately $1.2 billion and primarily used the proceeds to fund the cash consideration of the Global Signal Merger, the Mountain Union acquisition and purchases of our common stock.

•

During 2007, $1.8 billion of mortgage loans remained outstanding as a result of the Global Signal Merger. We borrowed an aggregate $725.0 million under term loans and a revolving credit facility and predominately used the proceeds to purchase our common stock.

•

During 2008, we made no material changes in our debt.

(f)	The 2008 amount predominately represents losses on our interest rate swaps with a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that no longer qualify for hedge accounting.

(g)	In 2007 and 2008, we recorded impairment charges related to an other-than-temporary decline in the value of our investment in FiberTower Corporation (“FiberTower”). See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. See footnote (m) below.

(h)

In 2004, 2005 and 2006, we had a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. As a result of a deferred tax liability recorded in connection with the Global Signal Merger, we recorded tax benefits during 2007 and 2008. 2008 includes tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of the IRS examination of our federal tax return for 2004. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

(i)

On August 31, 2004, we completed the sale of CCUK for over $2.0 billion. In May 2005, we sold Open Cell Corp. (“Open Cell”) a business that manufactured and distributed antenna systems and is our supplier. For all periods presented, CCUK’s and OpenCell’s assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows are classified as amounts from discontinued operations.

(j)	No cash dividends were declared or paid in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 or 2008.

(k)	Includes net losses of $12.0 million on purchases of preferred stock in 2005. Following the redemption of the 8¹/4% Convertible Preferred Stock on December 16, 2005, dividends on preferred stock relate solely to the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock.

(l)

For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings represent income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, minority interests, cumulative effect of change in accounting principle and fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense, the interest component of operating leases, amortization of deferred financing costs and dividends on preferred stock classified as liabilities. For 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 earnings were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $306.6 million, $392.0 million, $49.7 million, $318.4 million and $153.2 million, respectively.

(m)	Represents our investment in FiberTower common stock that is classified as an available-for-sale equity security following the merger of FiberTower and First Avenue Networks, Inc., completed in 2006. See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.

(n)	The 2004 amount represents the 8¹/4% Convertible Preferred Stock and the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock. The 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 amounts represent the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock.

Index to Financial Statements

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General Overview

Overview

We own, operate and lease over 24,000 towers for wireless communications, including the towers acquired in the Global Signal Merger (see “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal”). Revenues generated from our core site rental business represented 92% of our 2008 consolidated revenues. CCUSA, our largest operating segment, accounted for 94% of our 2008 site rental revenues, of which 74% were derived from the four largest wireless carriers in the U.S. The vast majority of our site rental revenues is of a recurring nature and has been contracted for in a prior year. See “Item 1. Business.”

The following are certain highlights of our business fundamentals, as further discussed in this Form 10-K, including in “Item 1. Business” and this MD&A:

•

potential growth resulting from wireless network expansion;

•

site rental revenues under long-term leases with contractual escalations;

•

revenues predominately from large wireless carriers;

•

majority of land under our towers under long-term control;

•

relatively fixed tower operating costs;

•

high incremental cash flows on organic revenue growth;

•

minimal sustaining capital expenditure requirements;

•

majority of our outstanding debt rated investment grade and has fixed rate coupons; and

•

significant cash flows from operations.

Our long-term strategy is to increase stockholder value by translating anticipated future growth in our core site rental business into growth in our results of operations on a per share basis. The key elements of our strategy are (see “Item 1. Business” for further discussion):

•

to organically grow revenues and cash flows from our towers by co-locating additional tenants on our existing towers; and

•

to allocate capital efficiently (in no particular order: purchase our own common stock, enter into strategic tower acquisitions, selectively construct or acquire towers and distributed antenna systems, acquire the land on which towers are located, improve and structurally enhance our existing towers, and purchase or redeem our debt or preferred stock). See “Liquidity and Capital Resources —Overview.”

Our long-term strategy is based on our belief that opportunities will be created by the expected continued growth in the wireless communications industry, which depends predominately on the demand for wireless telephony and data services by consumers. As a result of such expected growth in the wireless communications industry, we believe that the demand for our towers will continue and result in organic growth of our revenues due to the co-location of additional tenants on our existing towers. We expect that new tenant additions or modifications of existing installations (collectively referred to as “tenant additions”) on our towers should result in significant incremental cash flow due to the relatively fixed costs to operate a tower (which tend to increase at approximately the rate of inflation). Certain of the growth trends in the wireless communications industry are discussed in “Item 1. Business—Strategy.”

The following is a discussion of certain recent events which may impact our business and our strategy or the wireless communications industry:

•

Consumer wireless voice and data service usage increased according to a CTIA U.S. wireless industry survey and other published reports (see “Item 1. Business—Strategy”).

•

The auction of spectrum licenses in the FCC 700 MHz Band Auction No. 73 was completed in March 2008 for aggregate bids of $19.6 billion. Verizon Wireless and AT&T accounted for nearly 85% of the dollar value of net bids. One block of the spectrum auctioned included a provision that the carrier provide open access to the network (i.e., to any applications and any devices), which could encourage more innovation.

Index to Financial Statements

We expect this spectrum auction, FCC Advanced Wireless Services Auction No. 66, and future spectrum auctions should enable next generation networks.

•

In January 2009, Verizon Wireless completed the acquisition of Alltel Corp., a provider of wireless services to primarily rural markets. We do not expect lease cancellations from duplicate or overlapping networks as a result of this acquisition to have a material adverse affect on our results.

•

During the second half of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, the credit markets continued to be challenging and economic growth in the U.S. continued to slow. The deterioration in the credit markets included widening credit spreads and a further lack of liquidity, including certain debt markets being unavailable. The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue to remain slow or worsen during 2009. The following is a discussion of the potential impact on us from the credit markets, economy and foreign exchange markets:

•

Historically, aggregate capital spending and the associated demand for our towers by wireless communication companies have been relatively stable over the last several years, although we did see reductions during prior economic downturns. We do not expect the current economic conditions to significantly impact the long-term growth in wireless voice and data demand, which has historically been the predominate driver of demand for our towers over the long-term. Consequently, we currently do not anticipate any material impact on our revenues for 2009 or a material reduction in tenant additions over the near term. In addition, we expect site rental revenues for 2009 of between $1.485 billion and $1.5 billion, representing growth rates from 2008 of between 6% and 7%.

•

As seen in our recent issuance of 9% senior notes, borrowing costs on new debt issuances have increased, which will negatively impact our cash flows. Unless credit markets improve, our prospective debt refinancings will likely have higher costs, including in 2010 and 2011 when we will refinance or repay a significant portion of our debt. In light of the current challenges in the credit markets, we plan to reduce our discretionary capital expenditures in order to increase liquidity available for debt service. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

•

Beginning in the third quarter of 2008, the U.S. Dollar strengthened considerably against the Australian Dollar, reversing the weakening that occurred during the first half of 2008. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Acquisition of Global Signal

On January 12, 2007, we completed the Global Signal Merger in a stock and cash transaction valued at approximately $4.0 billion, exclusive of debt of approximately $1.8 billion that remained outstanding as obligations after the Global Signal Merger. We funded the Global Signal Merger with approximately 98.1 million shares of common stock and $550 million of cash obtained primarily from the issuance of tower revenue notes in 2006. We entered into the Global Signal Merger primarily because of anticipated growth opportunities in the Global Signal tower portfolio, including through leveraging our management team and customer service across an enhanced national footprint. We believe such opportunities for growth will be driven by the previously mentioned growth trends in the wireless communications industry.

The Global Signal Merger significantly increased our tower portfolio (by 10,749 towers) and significantly impacted the comparability of our results of operations and changes in financial condition to prior years. The integration of Global Signal’s operations and tower portfolio was completed in the first quarter of 2008. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of the Global Signal Merger, including (1) the allocation of the purchase price and (2) our unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations for 2007 as if the Global Signal Merger were completed as of the beginning of 2007. See also notes 3, 4, 6, 8 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations

The following discussion of our results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Item 1. Business,” “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. which require us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts (see “Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and note 1 to our consolidated financial statements).

Index to Financial Statements

The net addition of towers affects the year-to-year comparability of our operating results due to the fact that our operating results only include these towers from the date of their addition or until their date of disposition. A large majority of the increase between 2006 and 2007 in our site rental revenues, site rental costs of operations, general and administrative expenses, integration costs, depreciation, amortization and accretion and income tax benefit is attributable to the Global Signal Merger. See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal.” In addition to the towers acquired in the Global Signal Merger, we built or acquired 487, 188 and 336 towers in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.

Comparison of Consolidated Results

The following is a comparison of our 2006, 2007 and 2008 consolidated results of operations:


	Years Ended December 31,									% Change
	2006			2007			2008			2007 vs. 2006		2008 vs. 2007
	(In thousands of dollars)
Net revenues:
Site rental	$	696,724		$	1,286,468		$	1,402,559		85	%	9	%
Network services and other		91,497			99,018			123,945		8		25

		788,221			1,385,486			1,526,504		76		10

Operating expenses:
Costs of operations(a):
Site rental		212,454			443,342			456,123		109		3
Network services and other		60,507			65,742			82,452		9		25

Total costs of operations		272,961			509,084			538,575		87		6
General and administrative		104,532			142,846			149,586		37		5
Restructuring charges (credits)		(391	)		3,191			—		*		*
Asset write-down charges		2,945			65,515			16,888		*		*
Integration costs		1,503			25,418			2,504		*		*
Depreciation, amortization and accretion		285,244			539,904			526,442		89		(3	)

Operating income (loss)		121,427			99,528			292,509		(18	)	194
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs		(162,328	)		(350,259	)		(354,114	)	116		1
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt		(5,843	)		—			42		*		*
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps		491			—			(37,888	)	*		*
Impairment of available-for-sale securities		—			(75,623	)		(55,869	)	*		*
Interest and other income (expense)		(2,120	)		9,351			2,101		*		*

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests		(48,373	)		(317,003	)		(153,219	)	*		*
Benefit (provision) for income taxes		(843	)		94,039			104,361		*		*
Minority interests		1,666			151			—		*		*

Income (loss) from continuing operations		(47,550	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)	*		*

Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax		5,657			—			—		*		*

Net income (loss)	$	(41,893	)	$	(222,813	)	$	(48,858	)	*		*

*	Percentage is not meaningful

(a)	Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.

Index to Financial Statements

2007 and 2008. Our consolidated results of operations for 2007 and 2008, respectively, predominately consist of our CCUSA segment, which accounted for (1) 94% and 94% of consolidated net revenues, (2) 94% and 94% of consolidated gross margins, and (3) 96% and 79% of consolidated net loss. Our operating segment results for 2007 and 2008, including CCUSA, are discussed below (see “Item 7. MD&A—Results of Operations—Comparison of Operating Segments”).

Net revenues for 2008 increased by $141.0 million, or 10%, from 2007, of which site rental revenues represented 82% of the overall increase. This increase in site rental revenues was primarily driven by tenant additions across our entire tower portfolio. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth trends in the wireless communications industry.

Site rental gross margins (site rental revenues less site rental costs of operations) for 2008 increased by $103.3 million, or 12%, from 2007. The increase in the site rental gross margins was predominately driven by the previously mentioned increase in site rental revenues. We expect that future increases in site rental revenues resulting from tenant additions on our towers will have a high incremental margin (percentage of revenue growth converted to gross margin) given the relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers.

Net loss for 2008 was $48.9 million and included (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $55.9 million related to our investment in FiberTower, (2) losses on the change in fair value of certain interest rate swaps of $37.9 million, and (3) tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of an IRS examination. Net loss for 2007 was $222.8 million inclusive of (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to our investment in FiberTower, (2) the asset write-down and restructuring charges related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, and (3) integration costs related to the Global Signal Merger of $25.4 million. The improvement in net loss was predominately due to the incremental gross margin in our site rental business of $103.3 million and the impact of the previously mentioned charges and benefits.

2006 and 2007. Our consolidated results of operations for 2006 and 2007, respectively, consist predominately of our CCUSA segment, which accounted for (1) 92% and 94% of consolidated net revenues, (2) 92% and 94% of consolidated gross margins, and (3) 88% and 96% of consolidated net loss. Our operating segment results for 2006 and 2007, including CCUSA, are discussed below (see “Item 7. MD&A—Results of Operations—Comparison of Operating Segments”).

Net revenues for 2007 increased by $597.3 million, or 76%, from 2006, of which site rental revenues represented 99% of the overall increase. This increase in site rental revenues was driven by (1) the towers acquired in connection with the Global Signal Merger, and to a lesser extent, (2) tenant additions on our pre-Global Signal Merger towers (occurring during or after 2006), and (3) the 474 towers acquired from Mountain Union. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth trends in the wireless communications industry.

Site rental gross margins (site rental revenues less site rental costs of operations) for 2007 increased by $358.9 million, or 74%, from 2006. The increase in the site rental gross margins was predominately driven by the previously mentioned increase in site rental revenues. We expect that future increases in site rental revenues resulting from tenant additions on our towers will have a high incremental margin (percentage of revenue growth converted to gross margin) given the relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers.

In addition, the Global Signal Merger resulted in (1) an increase in general and administrative expenses in nominal dollars but a decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues as a result of synergies from operating a larger tower portfolio, (2) the vast majority of the increase in depreciation, amortization and accretion expense, (3) the integration costs for 2007, (4) additional interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs relating to the $1.8 billion of mortgage loans, and (5) our recording of income tax benefits resulting from the deferred tax liability recorded in purchase accounting that resulted in a change from a net deferred tax asset position to a net deferred tax liability position.

Our net loss for 2007 increased by $180.9 million from 2006, predominately due to (1) the net impact of the previously mentioned Global Signal Merger, (2) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million relating to our investment in FiberTower, and (3) asset write-down charges ($57.6 million) and restructuring charges ($3.1 million) related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, offset by (4) growth in our site rental business on pre-Global Signal Merger towers.

Index to Financial Statements

Comparison of Operating Segments

Our reportable operating segments for 2008 are (1) CCUSA, primarily consisting of our U.S. (including Puerto Rico) tower operations, and (2) CCAL, our Australian tower operations. Our financial results are reported to management and the board of directors in this manner.

See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements for segment results and a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (defined below).

Our measurement of profit or loss currently used to evaluate our operating performance and operating segments is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted (“Adjusted EBITDA”). Our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, including companies in the tower sector, and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus restructuring charges (credits), asset write-down charges, integration costs, depreciation, amortization and accretion, interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs, losses on purchases and redemptions of debt, net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, impairment of available-for-sale securities, interest and other income (expense), benefit (provision) for income taxes, minority interests, cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, income (loss) from discontinued operations and stock-based compensation expense (see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements). The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA for our operating segments is set forth in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements. Adjusted EBITDA is not intended as an alternative measure of operating results or cash flows from operations as determined in accordance with GAAP, and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Adjusted EBITDA is discussed further under “Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

CCUSA—2007 and 2008. Net revenues for 2008 increased by $133.4 million, or 10%, from 2007. This increase in net revenues resulted from an increase in site rental revenues of $109.7 million, or 9%, for the same periods. This increase in site rental revenues was driven primarily by $82 million from new tenant additions across our entire portfolio inclusive of the impact of straight-line accounting for certain lease escalators. In addition to new tenant additions, our site rental revenues are influenced by various factors (in no particular order) including (1) escalations net of the impact of straight line accounting, (2) impact of straight line accounting from renewal of customer leases, (3) new towers acquired or constructed, (4) a full year of revenues from our Spectrum lease, and (5) cancelation of customer leases. See MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for a further discussion of our revenue recognition policies. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth in the wireless communications industry. We continue to derive a large portion of our site rental revenues and new tenant additions from the four largest carriers in the U.S. In addition to the four largest carriers, our 2008 net revenues and new tenant additions were also derived from second tier and emerging wireless customers such as those offering flat rate calling plans and wireless data technologies.

Network services and other revenues for 2008 increased by $23.7 million, or 26%, from 2007. The increase in network services and other revenues was as a result of performing services on a larger portfolio of towers due to the Global Signal Merger. Global Signal did not operate a network services business, so the network services and other revenues performed on the Global Signal towers increased during 2007 and 2008 as we began marketing services for those towers. The network services business is typically non-recurring, and the volume of activity can vary significantly from period to period in relation to tenant additions on our towers.

Site rental gross margins for 2008 increased by $98.3 million, or 12%, from 2007. The increase in the site rental gross margins was related to the previously mentioned 9% increase in site rental revenues primarily driven by tenant additions. Site rental gross margins as a percentage of site rental revenues for 2008 increased by two percentage points from 2007 to 67% primarily as a result of the high incremental margins associated with tenant additions given the relatively fixed costs to operate a tower. The $98.3 million incremental margin represents 90% of the related increase in site rental revenues.

General and administrative expenses for 2008 increased by $7.3 million, or 6%, from 2007 but decreased to 9% of total net revenues from 10% of total net revenues. General and administrative expenses are inclusive of stock-based compensation charges as discussed further in note 12 to our consolidated financial statements. The increase in

Index to Financial Statements

general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation. Typically, our general and administrative expenses do not significantly increase as a result of the co-location of additional tenants on our towers as indicated by the decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues from 2007 to 2008.

Adjusted EBITDA for 2008 increased by $102.9 million, or 14%, from 2007. Adjusted EBITDA was positively impacted by the growth in our site rental business including the high incremental margin on the tenant additions.

Integration costs for 2008 were $2.5 million compared to $25.4 million in 2007. The decrease resulted from the completion of the integration of the Global Signal tower portfolio during the first quarter of 2008. See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal” and notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Depreciation, amortization and accretion for 2008 decreased by $13.6 million, or 3%, from 2007. The decrease resulted from towers acquired from Global Signal with short useful lives (as defined by GAAP) that were fully depreciated at December 31, 2007. Our tower assets are recorded at cost (estimated replacement cost for those acquired) and are depreciated using a useful life that is defined as the period equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the underlying ground lease (including renewal options). See “Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs for 2008 increased by $4.3 million, or 1%, from 2007. We made no material changes in our indebtedness during 2007 and 2008 other than the mortgage loans ($1.8 billion) that remained outstanding as obligations after the Global Signal Merger (on January 11, 2007) and the issuance of term loans ($650.0 million) in January and March 2007. Our weighted-average interest rate for 2008 was relatively consistent with 2007 as a result of virtually all of our debt having fixed rate coupons. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview.”

In 2007 and 2008, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $75.6 million and $55.9 million, respectively, related to declines in the fair value of our investment in FiberTower that was deemed other-than-temporary. Any potential future write-downs are limited to the carrying value of our investment of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2008. See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes for 2008 was a benefit of $106.6 million compared to $95.3 million for 2007. The tax benefits for 2008 include tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of the IRS examination of our U.S. federal tax return for 2004. The effective tax rate for 2008 differs from the federal statutory rate due predominately to income tax benefits resulting from the completion of the IRS examination and a full valuation allowance on our unrealized capital losses from our investment in FiberTower. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

Net loss for 2008 was $38.4 million inclusive of (1) non-cash impairment charges of $55.9 million related to our investment in FiberTower, (2) losses on the change in fair value of certain interest rate swaps of $37.9 million, and (3) tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of an IRS examination. Net loss for 2007 was $214.9 million inclusive of (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to our investment in FiberTower, (2) the asset write-down and restructuring charges related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, and (3) integration costs related to the Global Signal Merger of $25.4 million. The improvement in net loss was predominately due to the incremental gross margin in our site rental business of $98.3 million and the impact of the previously mentioned charges and benefits.

CCAL—2007 and 2008. The increases and decreases between 2007 and 2008 are inclusive of exchange rate fluctuations. The average exchange rate of Australian dollars to U.S dollars for 2008 was approximately 0.85, an increase of 2% from approximately 0.84 for the same period in the prior year. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Total net revenues for 2008 increased by $7.6 million, or 9%, from 2007. The increase in total net revenues was influenced by various factors, including tenant additions on our towers and towers acquired after the third quarter of 2007. Network services and other revenues and tenant additions were influenced by the continued development of several 3G networks in Australia. See “Item 1. Business—The Company—CCAL.”

Index to Financial Statements

Adjusted EBITDA for 2008 increased by $5.6 million, or 14%, from 2007. Adjusted EBITDA was positively impacted by the same factors that drove the increase in site rental revenues. More specifically, site rental gross margins increased by $5.0 million, or 10%, for 2008 from $49.7 million. The $5.0 million incremental margin represents 78% of the related increase in site rental revenues.

Net income (loss) for 2008 was a loss of $10.5 million, an increase of $2.6 million from 2007. The increase in net loss was primarily driven by a $8.9 million increase in interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs resulting predominately from an inter-company borrowing between segments, partially offset by the growth in the site rental business. The proceeds of the inter-company borrowing were primarily utilized to fund the capital return in May 2007 in order to increase the leverage of the CCAL business.

CCUSA—2006 and 2007. Net revenues for 2007 increased by $576.3 million, or 79%, from 2006. This increase in net revenues resulted from an increase in site rental revenues of $570.9 million, or 89%, for the same period. This increase in site rental revenues was driven by (1) the towers acquired in connection with the Global Signal Merger, and to a lesser extent, (2) new tenant additions, and (3) the 474 towers acquired from Mountain Union. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth in the wireless communications industry. Although we continue to derive a large portion of our site rental revenues from the four largest carriers in the U.S., we have experienced an increase in tenant additions during 2007 from emerging wireless carriers and second tier carriers, such as those offering wireless data technologies and flat rate calling plans.

Network services and other revenues for 2007 increased by $5.4 million, or 6%, from 2006. The increase in network services and other revenues was as a result of performing services on a larger portfolio of towers due to the Global Signal Merger. Global Signal did not operate a network services business, so the network services and other revenues performed on the Global Signal towers increased during each quarter of 2007 as we began marketing services for those towers. Exclusive of network services and other revenues derived from the Global Signal towers, network services and other revenues declined modestly from 2006 to 2007. The network services business is typically non-recurring, and the volume of activity can vary significantly from period to period in relation to tenant additions on our towers.

Site rental gross margins for 2007 increased by $345.6 million, or 77%, from 2006. The increase in the site rental gross margins was related to the previously mentioned 89% increase in site rental revenues primarily driven by the towers acquired in connection with the Global Signal Merger and, to a lesser extent, from tenant additions. Site rental gross margins as a percentage of site rental revenues for 2007 decreased by 4.2 percentage points from 2006 to 65% primarily as a result of the less mature Global Signal towers that have lower revenues per tower and higher ground rent expense as a percentage of revenues than our pre-Global Signal Merger towers. We believe the Global Signal towers have significant additional revenue and margin growth opportunities provided by potential future tenant additions on those towers.

General and administrative expenses for 2007 increased by $33.8 million from 2006 but decreased to 10% of total net revenues from 13% of total net revenues. General and administrative expenses are inclusive of stock-based compensation charges as discussed further below. The increase in general and administrative expenses in nominal dollars was primarily related to headcount additions and related employee costs as a result of the Global Signal Merger partially offset by cost reductions from the termination of the Modeo employees (see notes 17 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements). The decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues was driven by synergies from operating a larger tower portfolio as a result of the Global Signal Merger.

Adjusted EBITDA for 2007 increased by $319.5 million, or 80%, from 2006. Adjusted EBITDA was positively impacted by the same factors that drove the increase of 89% in our site rental revenues including the towers acquired in connection with the Global Signal Merger and tenant additions.

We recognized stock-based compensation expense from continuing operations of $14.9 million and $23.5 million, respectively, for 2006 and 2007. The primary reason for fluctuations in the stock-based compensation expense during 2006 to 2007 is (1) accelerated vesting of awards granted in 2004 and 2005 and (2) our grants in 2006 and 2007. During 2005, restricted stock granted during 2004 and 2005 accelerated vested based on the market performance of our common stock. This accelerated vesting resulted in the recognition of $15.2 million of expense in 2005 that was originally to be recognized over the original vesting period (through 2009 and 2010). In addition, during 2006 and 2007 we granted 1.2 million and 1.4 million shares, respectively, of restricted stock with grant date weighted-average requisite service periods of 2.5 and 2.1 years, respectively. See note 12 to our consolidated financial statements.

Index to Financial Statements

In July 2007, we entered into a lease of our Spectrum. The Spectrum is leased to a venture formed by Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., Harbinger Capital Partners Special Situations Fund, L.P., Telcom Ventures, LLC and Columbia Capital LLC (“HHTC”) for a $13 million annual lease fee with an initial term from July 23, 2007 until October 1, 2013. As a result, we eliminated substantially all of the future Modeo operating and administrative expenses, which for 2007 were $4.0 million. In addition, for 2007, we recorded (1) site revenues of $5.7 million from the Spectrum lease, (2) asset write-down charges of $57.6 million as a result of the write-off of substantially all of our Modeo assets other than the Spectrum, and (3) restructuring charges of $3.1 million related to the termination of the Modeo employees. See notes 17and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Integration costs for 2007 were $25.4 million and related to the Global Signal Merger. These integration costs included, among other things, expenses for retention bonus obligations with employees of the former Global Signal, costs for contracted employees directly related to the integration and stock-based compensation charges with respect to restricted stock awards assumed in the Global Signal Merger. See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal” and notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Depreciation, amortization and accretion for 2007 increased by $254.3 million, or 99%, from 2006. The vast majority of this increase was related to the depreciation and amortization attributable to property and equipment and intangible assets recorded in connection with the purchase price allocation for the Global Signal Merger. Our tower assets are recorded at cost (estimated replacement cost for those acquired) and are depreciated using a useful life that is defined as the period equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the underlying ground lease (including renewal options). See “Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs for 2007 increased by $188.0 million, or 118%, from 2006. The increase was primarily attributable to additional indebtedness. The components of the increase in indebtedness primarily include (1) the issuance of the tower revenue notes ($1.55 billion) in November 2006, (2) the mortgage loans ($1.8 billion) that remained outstanding as obligations after the Global Signal Merger, and (3) the issuance of term loans ($650.0 million) during the first half of 2007. This additional indebtedness was offset by our repayment of $1.0 billion of borrowings under a credit facility using proceeds of the $1.55 billion tower revenue notes. Exclusive of the mortgage loans, our net increase in debt during 2007 primarily related to (1) funding $550 million for the Global Signal Merger and (2) purchases of our common stock in 2007. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview.”

In 2007, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to a decline in the value of our investment in FiberTower that was deemed other-than-temporary.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes for 2007 was a benefit of $95.3 million compared to a provision of $0.5 million for 2006. We recorded a deferred tax liability of $556.6 million as part of the allocation of the purchase price of the Global Signal Merger, which was offset in part by the reversal of our federal valuation allowance of $259.7 million. As a result, we (1) are no longer in a net deferred tax asset position, (2) are generally no longer recording a valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets because of our historical net operating losses, and (3) can generally record the benefit of tax impacts of our results in the statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Income from discontinued operations of $5.7 million for 2006 relates primarily to the reversal of liabilities previously established in conjunction with the sale of our former CCUK operations, as a result of the termination of related contingencies during 2006.

Net income (loss) for 2007 was a loss of $214.9 million, compared to a loss of $37.0 million for 2006. The increased loss was primarily due to (1) the increases in depreciation, amortization and accretion and interest expense, all of which were predominately related to the Global Signal Merger, (2) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to our investment in FiberTower, and (3) asset write-down charges ($57.6 million) and restructuring charges ($3.1 million) related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, partially offset by (1) the increase in Adjusted EBITDA as a result of the towers acquired in the Global Signal Merger and growth in our site rental business and (2) our benefit for income taxes.

Index to Financial Statements

CCAL—2006 and 2007. The increases and decreases between 2006 and 2007 are inclusive of exchange rate fluctuations. The average exchange rate of Australian dollars to U.S. dollars for 2007 was approximately 0.84, an increase of 11% from approximately 0.75 for the same period in the prior year. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Total net revenues for 2007 increased by $21.0 million, or 35%, from 2006. The increase in total net revenues was due to growth in site rental revenues primarily related to (1) tenant additions on our towers, (2) exchange rate fluctuations, (3) contractual escalations on existing leases with variable escalations, and (4) new towers acquired after the third quarter of 2006. See “Item 1. Business—The Company—CCAL.”

Adjusted EBITDA for 2007 increased by $11.7 million, or 40%, from 2006. Adjusted EBITDA was positively impacted by the same factors that drove the increase in site rental revenues. More specifically, site rental gross margins increased by $13.3 million, or 37%, to 70% of site rental revenues, for 2007 from $36.4 million, or 69% of site rental revenues, for 2006. The $13.3 million incremental margin represents 71% of the related increase in site rental revenues.

In May 2007, CCAL (our 77.6% majority-owned subsidiary) issued a capital return of approximately $166.0 million, including $37.2 million to the minority shareholders of CCAL. The capital return was funded by CCOC through an intercompany borrowing by CCAL. Upon issuance of the capital return, we recorded a reduction in additional paid-in capital of $8.9 million as a result of the capital return to the CCAL minority shareholders exceeding the carrying value of the minority interests in CCAL. The intercompany borrowing and related capital return was issued to increase the leverage of the CCAL business.

Net income (loss) for 2007 was a loss of $7.9 million, an increase in the loss of $3.0 million from 2006. The increased net loss was primarily driven by a $9.1 million increase in interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs predominately as a result of an intercompany borrowing between segments and the increase in stock-based compensation charges of $2.9 million, partially offset by the same factors that drove the improvement in Adjusted EBITDA (see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements).

Impact of Inflation. Other than the towers acquired from Global Signal, the majority of our towers were acquired between 1999 and 2001; tower assets and related depreciation expense do not reflect the impact of inflation occurring subsequent to the acquisition of these towers. The impact of inflation on our results of operations for the 2006, 2007 and 2008 was not significant.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

General. Our site rental business is generally characterized by a stable cash flow stream generated by revenues under long-term contracts that should be recurring for the foreseeable future. Over the last five years, our cash from operations have exceeded our cash interest payments and sustaining capital expenditures and provided us with cash available for discretionary investments. We seek to allocate the cash produced by our operations in a manner that will enhance per share operating results. Given the current conditions in the credit markets, we currently expect to limit our discretionary investments and use the majority of our cash to purchase or repay our debt. Historically, we invested our available cash in discretionary investments such as those discussed in “Item 1. Business—Strategy,” which we expect to resume in the future depending upon the credit environment and availability of liquidity in the capital markets.

Index to Financial Statements

Liquidity Position. The following is a summary of our capitalization and liquidity position. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and notes 6 and 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our debt.


	December 31, 2008 Pro Forma(a)
	(In thousands of dollars)
Cash and cash equivalents(b)	$	825,471
Undrawn revolver availability(c)		30,000
Debt		6,775,681
Redeemable preferred stock		314,726
Stockholders’ equity		2,715,865

(a)	Pro forma for the issuance of 9% senior notes in January 2009 and purchases of debt in January and February 2009. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Activities.”

(b)	Exclusive of $152.9 million of restricted cash.

(c)	As of February 17, 2009.

Debt Maturities and Recent Events. Our debt and preferred stock maturities as of February 17, 2009 are summarized as follows:

•

We have $411.0 million of debt maturing by January 2010, including debt under our revolving credit facility ($158.0 million) and a mortgage loan ($246.5 million). We currently have sufficient liquidity to repay all of these short-term debt service obligations including our revolving credit facility.

•

In 2011 and 2014, our debt maturities include a mortgage loan ($1.46 billion) and a term loan ($606.1 million). We do not anticipate the need to access the capital markets to refinance our existing debt until February 2011 when the $1.46 billion mortgage loan matures, but we may access the capital markets sooner depending upon the state of the capital markets and our ability to obtain financing at commercially reasonable terms.

•

We are required to redeem all outstanding shares of our 6.25% convertible preferred stock in August 2012 for approximately $318.0 million.

•

Our tower revenue notes (totaling $3.45 billion) have final maturities in 2035 and 2036. However, if our tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010—$1.9 billion or November 2011—$1.55 billion) then the interest rates increase by approximately 5% per annum and then substantially all of the cash flows of the subsidiaries issuing the tower revenue notes (Excess Cash Flow as defined in the tower revenue notes indenture) will be used to repay principal. The Excess Cash Flow of the issuers of the tower revenue notes was nearly $350 million for the annualized quarter ended December 31, 2008, representing approximately two-thirds of our consolidated cash flows from operations for 2008.

•

Our 9% senior notes ($900 million) issued in January 2009 are due in 2015.

In light of the global economic recession and the current challenging credit markets, we have taken the following actions to manage our debt maturities and build liquidity with cash flows from operations.

•

We plan to reduce discretionary capital expenditures in 2009 in order to increase liquidity available for debt service. Of the roughly $500 million of cash flows from operating activities that we currently expect to generate during full year 2009, we currently expect to use approximately $150 million of such cash flow on capital expenditures, although our aggregate capital expenditures may be greater than or less than this range depending upon several factors, including the availability of financing.

•

In January 2009, we issued 9% senior notes due in 2015 and received net proceeds of $796 million. While we are still evaluating the use of the proceeds from the 9% senior notes, which may be used for general corporate purposes, we currently expect to use most, if not all, of such proceeds for the purchase or repayment of certain of our existing debt. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Activities” for a further discussion of these 9% senior notes.

•

During January and February 2009, we purchased an aggregate $134.8 of our debt securities, consisting of $47.0 of mortgage loans due December 2009 and $87.8 million of mortgage loans due February 2011, using an aggregate $125.3 million of cash (excluding accrued interest). We expect to use cash on hand, including most, if not all, of the proceeds from our issuance of 9% senior notes in January 2009, and cash flows from operations to effect purchases or repayments of certain of our existing debt.

Index to Financial Statements

These efforts to increase liquidity and purchase our debt are being undertaken to prudently manage our liquidity as a result of the global economic recession and the current credit environment. However, we plan on endeavoring to refinance the tower revenue notes and mortgage loans with new debt on or before their repayment dates. Our ability to obtain borrowings that are securitized by tower cash flows and are at commercially reasonable terms will depend on various factors, such as our ability to generate cash flows on our existing towers and the state of the capital markets. If we are unable to refinance our debt with similar instruments, we may explore other forms of financing, which may include other forms of debt or issuances of equity or equity related securities. See “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity.”

Long-term Strategy. Our long-term strategy contemplates funding our discretionary investments primarily with operating cash flows and, in certain instances, potential future debt financings and issuances of equity or equity related securities. Over the long-term, we may continue to increase our debt if we realize anticipated future growth in our operating cash flows in order to maintain debt leverage that we believe is appropriate to drive long-term stockholder value. The amount of future debt financings is influenced by such factors as (1) the availability of financing at attractive rates, particularly in light of the current economic and credit environment, (2) our belief in the potential long-term return of our previously mentioned discretionary investments, (3) self-imposed limits such as our targeted leverage ratio of generally five to seven times Adjusted EBITDA and interest coverage ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to interest expense of at least two times, and (4) our restrictive debt covenants, discussed further below.

Summary Cash Flows Information


	Years Ended December 31,
	2007			2008			Change
	(In thousands of dollars)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	$	350,355		$	513,001		$	162,646
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities		(791,448	)		(476,613	)		314,835
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		(77,782	)		47,717			125,499
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		1,404			(4,131	)		(5,535	)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(517,471	)	$	79,974		$	597,445

Operating Activities

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities for 2008 of $162.6 million from 2007 was due primarily to the growth in our core site rental business. Net cash provided by operating activities is inclusive of prepayments for long-term easements and ground leases for land under our towers. These prepayments are part of our efforts to renegotiate and extend the terms of our interests in the land under our towers. We expect net cash provided by operating activities for 2009 will be less than 2008, primarily as a result of higher interest costs resulting from the 9% senior notes issued in 2009 offset by anticipated growth in our core site rental business. Changes in working capital, and particularly changes in deferred rental revenues, prepaid ground leases and accrued interest, can have a dramatic impact on our net cash from operating activities for interim periods, largely due to the timing of payments and receipts.

Investing Activities

Capital Expenditures. Our capital expenditures can be generally categorized as sustaining or discretionary. Sustaining capital expenditures include capitalized costs related to (1) maintenance activities on our towers, (2) vehicles, (3) information technology equipment, and (4) office equipment. Discretionary capital expenditures, which we commonly also refer to as “revenue-generating capital expenditures,” include (1) purchases of land under towers, (2) tower improvements in order to support additional site rentals, (3) the construction or purchase of towers, and (4) the construction of distributed antenna systems.

Index to Financial Statements

A summary of our capital expenditures for 2007 and 2008 is as follows:


	For Years Ended December 31,
	2007		2008		Change
	(In thousands of dollars)
Land purchases	$	133,032	$	201,255	$	68,223
Construction or purchases of towers		91,490		132,301		40,811
Modeo		6,347		—		(6,347	)
Sustaining		23,318		27,065		3,747
Tower improvements and other		45,818		90,111		44,293

Total	$	300,005	$	450,732	$	150,727

As previously mentioned, we expect to reduce our capital expenditures from recent levels in order to increase liquidity available for debt service. We expect these reductions to include our purchases of land, construction and purchase of towers and the construction of distributed antenna systems. We expect to continue to extend the terms of ground leases which requires substantially less liquidity than purchases of land. Given current capital constraints, we may seek alternative arrangements with third parties in order to continue discretionary investments including capital expenditures. Other than sustaining capital expenditures, which we expect to be approximately $25 million to $30 million for full year 2009, our capital expenditures are discretionary and are made with respect to activities we believe exhibit sufficient potential to improve our long-term results of operations on a per share basis. Such decisions are influenced by the availability and cost of capital and expected returns on alternative investments.

Acquisition of Global Signal. See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal.”

Financing Activities

In light of the current challenges in the credit markets and consistent with our previously mentioned strategy to prudently manage liquidity, our financing activities for 2008 included purchases of common stock and additional borrowings at reduced levels from our past practices. However, we are still committed to our long-term strategy to allocate our capital to drive long-term stockholder value, which may include making discretionary investments such as purchases of our debt and common stock. The following is a summary of the significant financing transactions completed in 2008 and the beginning of 2009.

9% Senior Notes. On January 27, 2009, CCIC issued $900 million principal amount of 9% senior notes due 2015 in a public offering. These 9% senior notes are general obligations of CCIC, which rank equally with all existing and future senior debt of CCIC. The 9% senior notes are effectively subordinated to all liabilities (including trade payables) of each subsidiary of ours. These 9% senior notes bear interest at a rate of 9.0% per annum, payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2009.

The net proceeds from these 9% senior notes were $795.7 million inclusive of $86.3 million original issue discount and $18.0 million of fees. The effective yield of these 9% senior notes is approximately 11.3%, inclusive of the discount. We may use these net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including our anticipated purchases or repayments of our existing debt.

At our option, we may redeem these 9% senior notes in whole or in part prior to January 15, 2013, by paying 100% of the principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a “make whole” premium. We may also redeem some or all of these 9% senior notes on or after January 15, 2013, at the redemption prices set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, until January 15, 2012 and subject to certain conditions, we may, at our option, redeem up to 35% of these 9% senior notes at the redemption price set forth in the indenture with the proceeds of certain equity offerings.

The 9% senior notes contain restrictive covenants that are discussed in “Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity.”

Index to Financial Statements

Debt Purchases. The following is a summary of our purchases of debt during January and February 2009. These debt purchases were made by CCIC because of restrictions upon the subsidiaries issuing the debt; as a result, the debt remains outstanding at our subsidiaries. We expect to continue to purchase or redeem our debt in the future.


	Principal Amount		Cash Paid(a)		Gains (losses) on Purchases
	(In thousands of dollars)
2004 Mortgage Loans	$	47,050	$	46,315	$	1,209
2006 Mortgage Loans		87,757		78,979		8,868

Total purchases	$	134,807	$	125,294	$	10,077

(a)	Exclusive of accrued interest.

Credit Agreement. In January 2007, CCOC entered into a credit agreement that provided a $250.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. In January 2009, we amended the revolving credit facility to extend the maturity until January 2010 and reduce the total revolving commitment to $188 million. We paid an extension fee of $9.4 million, but our credit spreads were not impacted by this amendment. As of December 31, 2008, we had $169.4 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility. Availability of the revolving credit facility at any time is determined by certain financial ratios. We may use the availability under the revolving credit facility for general corporate purposes, which may include financing of capital expenditures, acquisitions, and purchases of our common or preferred stock. The revolving credit facility bears interest at prime rate or LIBOR plus a credit spread based on our consolidated leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2008, the weighted-average interest rate of the revolving credit facility was 2.5% (including the credit spread).

For a further discussion of the revolving credit facility and the term loans, see note 6 to our consolidated financial statements and “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Common Stock Activity. A summary of common stock activity in 2007 and 2008 is as follows:


	(In thousands of shares)
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2006	202,081
Shares issued in the Global Signal Merger	98,049
Restricted stock awards granted	1,390
Restricted stock awards assumed in the Global Signal Merger	92
Common stock purchased	(21,043	)
Stock options and warrants exercised	2,053
Other activity, net	(115	)

Shares outstanding at December 31, 2007	282,507
Restricted stock awards granted	1,400
Restricted stock awards forfeited	(682	)
Common stock purchased	(1,211	)
Stock options exercised	526
Convertible notes converted	5,891
Other activity, net	33

Shares outstanding at December 31, 2008	288,464

During 2007 and 2008, we purchased 21.0 million and 1.2 million shares of our common stock, respectively. We utilized $729.8 million and $44.7 million in cash, respectively, to affect these purchases and paid an average price per share of $34.86 and $36.90, respectively. See note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. See “Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal” for a discussion of common stock issued in the Global Signal Merger.

During 2008, the holders converted $63.8 million of the 4% convertible senior notes into 5.9 million shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2008, there are no 4% convertible senior notes outstanding.

Index to Financial Statements

Preferred Stock Dividends. We have the option to pay dividends on our 6.25% convertible preferred stock in cash or shares of common stock (valued at 95% of the current market value of the common stock, as defined) (see “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities”). Since 2005 we have elected to pay the dividends in cash and expect to continue to do so for the foreseeable future. We are required to redeem all outstanding shares of our 6.25% convertible preferred stock on August 15, 2012 at a price equal to the liquidation preference plus accumulated and unpaid dividends. The shares of 6.25% convertible preferred stock are convertible, at the option of the holder, in whole or in part at any time, into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $36.875 per share of common stock. Under certain circumstances, we generally have the right to convert the 6.25% convertible preferred stock, in whole or in part, into 8.6 million shares of common stock if the price per share of our common stock equals or exceeds 120% of the conversion price or $44.25 for at least 20 trading days in any consecutive 30-day trading period.

Interest Rate Swaps. We have used, and may continue to use when we deem prudent, interest rate swaps to manage and reduce our interest rate risk, including the use of interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows from changes in LIBOR on anticipated refinancing and outstanding variable rate debt. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our use of interest rate swaps.

Restricted Cash. Pursuant to the indenture governing the tower revenue notes and the loan agreements governing the mortgage loans, all rental cash receipts of the issuers of these debt instruments and their subsidiaries are restricted and held by an indenture trustee. The restricted cash in excess of required reserve balances is subsequently released to us in accordance with the terms of the indentures. See also notes 1 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Cash Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations, which relate primarily to our outstanding borrowings and ground lease obligations, as of December 31, 2008 after giving effect to (1) the extension of the revolving credit facility maturity to January 2010 from January 2009, (2) the purchases of debt in January and February 2009, and (3) the issuance of the 9% senior notes exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases or repayments of debt. The debt maturities reflect contractual maturity dates and do not consider the impact of the principal payments that will commence following the anticipated repayment dates on the tower revenue notes. See footnote (a).


	Years Ending December 31,
Contractual Obligations (f)	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		Thereafter		Totals
	(In thousands of dollars)
Debt(a) (d)	$	252,955	$	175,900	$	1,468,743	$	6,500	$	6,551	$	4,956,125	$	6,866,774
Interest payments on debt(a) (d)		401,345		429,195		409,757		469,277		469,277		7,948,515		10,127,366
Lease obligations(b)		280,071		281,278		284,172		287,208		287,481		3,505,725		4,925,935
Interest rate swaps(e)		55,427		228,467		332,322		—		—		—		616,216
Redeemable preferred stock		—		—		—		318,050		—		—		318,050
Dividend payments on redeemable preferred stock(c)		19,877		19,877		19,877		14,907		—		—		74,538
Other		13,194		1,155		3,113		453		118		—		18,033

Total contractual obligations	$	1,022,869	$	1,135,872	$	2,517,984	$	1,096,395	$	763,427	$	16,410,365	$	22,946,912

(a)

As previously discussed, if the tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011) then the interest rate increases by an additional approximately 5% per annum and monthly principal payments commence using the Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The tower revenue notes are presented based on their contractual maturity dates in 2035 and 2036 and include the impact of an assumed 5% increase in interest rate that would occur following the anticipated repayment dates but exclude the impact of monthly principal payments that would commence using Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The annualized Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers is currently nearly $350 million.

(b)	Amounts relate primarily to ground lease obligations for the land on which our towers reside, and are based on the assumption that payments will be made through the end of the period for which we hold renewal rights. See table below summarizing remaining terms to expiration.

(c)	The dividends on the preferred stock can be paid in cash or common stock at our election. See note 10 to our consolidated financial statements.

(d)

Reflects the quarterly principal installments of $1.6 million on the term loans issued in 2007 and the remaining outstanding amount due in January 2014. Interest payments on the floating rate debt are based on estimated rates in effect during the first quarter of 2009 exclusive of the impact of our interest rate swaps.

Index to Financial Statements

(e)	Our interest rate swaps require cash settlement to or from us in the future. Amounts represent cash settlement values as of December 31, 2008. See “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

(f)	The following items are in addition to the obligations disclosed in the above table:

•

We have a legal obligation to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements upon lease termination to remove towers or remediate the land upon which our towers reside. The cash obligations disclosed in the above table, as of December 31, 2008, are exclusive of estimated undiscounted future cash outlays for asset retirement obligations of approximately $1.8 billion. As of December 31, 2008, the net present value of these asset retirement obligations was approximately $53.8 million.

•

We are obligated under letters of credit to various landlords, insurers and other parties in connection with certain contingent retirement obligations under various tower land leases and certain other contractual obligations. The letters of credit were issued through one of CCUSA’s lenders in amounts aggregating $14.6 million and expire on various dates through August 2011.

•

We are obligated to pay or reimburse others for property taxes related to our towers. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.

•

We have unrecognized tax benefits of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2008. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

The following table summarizes as of December 31, 2008 the remaining terms to expiration (including renewal terms at our option) of (1) the ground leases, subleases, or licenses for the land on which approximately 17,900 of our towers reside and (2) agreements to manage approximately 700 towers owned by third parties where we had sublease agreements with the tower owner. In addition, we own in fee or have perpetual or long-term easements in the land on which approximately 5,500 of our towers reside (23% of total towers). See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”


Remaining Term, In Years		Percent of Total Towers
15+ years		45%
10 – 15 years		21%
6 – 9 years		6%
4 – 5 years		2%
2 – 3 years		1%
0 – 1 year		2%

Total		77%

Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity

Holding Companies. As holding companies, CCIC and CCOC will require distributions or dividends from their subsidiaries, or will be forced to use their remaining cash balances, to fund their debt. The terms of the current indebtedness of their subsidiaries allow them to distribute cash to their holding companies unless they experience a deterioration of financial performance.

Compliance with Debt Covenants. Our debt obligations contain certain financial covenants with which CCIC or our subsidiaries must maintain compliance in order to avoid the imposition of certain restrictions. Various of our debt obligations also place other restrictions on CCIC or our subsidiaries, including the ability to incur debt and liens, purchase our securities, make capital expenditures, dispose of assets, undertake transactions with affiliates, make other investments and pay dividends. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our debt covenants.

The financial maintenance covenants under our credit agreement are as follows:


	Covenant Requirement	Actual as of December 31, 2008 Pro forma
Consolidated Leverage Ratio(b)	<8.25	6.87
Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio(c)	>2.00	2.28^(a)

(a)	Pro forma for (1) 9% senior notes issued in January 2009 exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases or repayments of debt and (2) our debt purchases in January and February 2009.

(b)	For consolidated CCOC, ratio of Consolidated Total Debt (as defined in the credit agreement) to Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the credit agreement) for the most recent completed quarter multiplied by four.

(c)	For consolidated CCIC, ratio of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for the most recent completed quarter multiplied by four to Consolidated Pro forma Debt Service (as defined in the credit agreement).

The 9% senior notes contain restrictive covenants with which we and our restricted subsidiaries must comply, subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, including restrictions on our ability to incur incremental debt, issue preferred stock, guarantee debt, pay dividends, repurchase our capital stock, use assets as security in

Index to Financial Statements

other transactions, sell assets or merge with or into other companies, and make certain investments. Certain of these covenants are not applicable if there is no event of default and if the ratio of the Company’s Consolidated Debt (as defined in the senior notes indenture) and to its Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flows (as defined in the senior notes indenture) is less than 7.0 to 1. Our Consolidated Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow is 7.6 times, as of December 31, 2008 pro forma for (1) the 9% senior notes exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases or repayments of debt and (2) our debt purchases in January and February 2009. The 9% senior notes contain the previously mentioned restrictive covenants but do not contain any financial maintenance covenant that could result in default.

Factors that are likely to determine our subsidiaries’ ability to comply with their current and future debt covenants include their (1) financial performance, (2) levels of indebtedness, and (3) debt service requirements. Given the current level of indebtedness of our subsidiaries, the primary risk of a debt covenant violation would be from a deterioration of a subsidiary’s financial performance. Should a covenant violation occur in the future as a result of a shortfall in financial performance (or for any other reason), we might be required to make principal payments earlier than currently scheduled and may not have access to additional borrowings under these facilities as long as the covenant violation continues. Any such early principal payments would have to be made from our existing cash balances or cash from operations. If our subsidiaries that issued the tower revenue notes and mortgage loans were to default on the debt, the trustee could seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of the securitized towers, in which case we could lose the towers and the revenues associated with the towers. We currently have no financial covenant violations; and based upon our current expectations, we believe our operating results will be sufficient to comply with our debt covenants. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Financial Performance of Our Subsidiaries. A factor affecting our continued generation of cash flows from operating activities is our ability to maintain our existing recurring site rental revenues and to convert those revenues into operating cash flows by efficiently managing our operating costs. Our ability to service (pay principal and cash interest) or refinance our current debt obligations and obtain additional debt will depend on our future financial performance, which, to a certain extent, is subject to various factors that are beyond our control as discussed further herein and in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Levels of Indebtedness and Debt Service Requirements. Our ability to obtain cash financing in the form of debt instruments, preferred stock or common stock in the capital markets depends on, among other things, general economic conditions, conditions of the wireless industry, wireless carrier consolidation or network sharing, new technologies, our financial performance and the state of the capital markets. We anticipate refinancing the majority, if not all, of our debt and redeemable preferred stock within the next six years. There can be no assurances we will be able to effect this anticipated financing on commercially reasonable terms or on terms, including with respect to interest rates, as favorable as our current debt and preferred stock. Assuming we meet certain financial ratios, we have the ability under our debt instruments to incur additional indebtedness, and any additional indebtedness we incur could exacerbate our liquidity risks.

If we are unable to refinance or renegotiate our debt, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to generate enough cash flows from operations or that we will be able to obtain enough capital to service our debt, pay our obligations under our convertible preferred stock or fund our planned capital expenditures. In such an event, we could face substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations. Failure to refinance indebtedness when required could result in a default under such indebtedness. If our tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011) then the interest rates increase by approximately 5% per annum and Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the indenture) of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes will be used to repay principal resulting in a reduction in cash available for discretionary investments. In particular, CCIC and CCOC are holding companies with no operations of their own, and as such will require distributions or dividends from their subsidiaries to fund their debt. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

The current credit environment has resulted in a substantial widening of credit spreads in the market since the issuance of a majority of our existing debt. As we refinance our existing debt or borrow additional debt, changes in our credit spreads may impact our interest expense and interest coverage ratios.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Index to Financial Statements

Accounting and Reporting Matters

Related Party Transactions

See notes 11 and 14 to our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following is a discussion of the accounting policies and estimates that we believe (1) are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and (2) require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The critical accounting policies and estimates for 2008 are not intended to be a comprehensive list of our accounting policies and estimates. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP, with no need for management’s judgment in their application. In other cases, management is required to exercise judgment in the application of accounting principles with respect to particular transactions.

Revenue Recognition. Site rental revenues are recognized on a monthly basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the relevant lease or agreement with terms generally ranging from five to fifteen years. In accordance with applicable accounting standards, these revenues are recognized on a monthly basis, regardless of whether the payments from the customer are received in equal monthly amounts. If the payment terms call for fixed escalations (as in fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or rent free periods, the effect is recognized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the agreement. When calculating our straight-line rental revenues, we consider all fixed elements of tenant leases escalation provisions, even if such escalation provisions also include a variable element. As a result of recognizing revenue on a straight-line basis, a portion of the revenue in a given period represents cash collected in other periods. For 2006, 2007 and 2008, the non-cash portion of our site rental revenues related to recognizing revenue on a straight-line basis amounted to approximately $20.5 million, $42.9 million and $40.3 million, respectively. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

We provide network services, such as antenna installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and site selection, site acquisition services, site development and other services, on a limited basis. Network services revenues are generally recognized under a method which approximates the completed contract method. Under the completed contract method, revenues and costs for a particular project are recognized in total at the completion date. When using the completed contract method of accounting for network services revenues, we must accurately determine the completion date for the project in order to record the revenues and costs in the proper period. For antenna installations, we consider the project complete when the customer can begin transmitting its signal through the antenna. We must also be able to estimate losses on uncompleted contracts, as such losses must be recognized as soon as they are known. The completed contract method is used for projects that require relatively short periods of time to complete (generally less than one year), such as our network services agreements and contracts. We do not believe that our use of the completed contract method for network services projects produces financial position and operating results that differ substantially from the percentage-of-completion method.

Some of our arrangements with our customers call for the performance of multiple revenue-generating activities. Generally, these arrangements include both site rental and network services. In such cases, we determine whether the multiple deliverables are to be accounted for separately or on a combined basis. In order to be accounted for separately, the undelivered items must (1) have stand-alone value to the customer, (2) have reliably determinable fair value on a separate basis, and (3) have delivery which is probable and under our control. In addition, the delivered item must have stand-alone value to the customer. Allocation of recognized revenue in such arrangements is based on the relative fair value of the separately delivered items. We have generally determined that it is appropriate to account for antenna installation activities separately from the customer’s subsequent site rentals.

Accounting for Long-Lived Assets. We allocate the purchase price of acquisitions to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Any purchase price in excess of the net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. The fair value of certain of our assets and liabilities is determined by (1) using estimates of replacement costs for tangible fixed assets (such as towers) and (2) using discounted cash flow valuation methods for estimating identifiable intangibles (such as site rental contracts and above-market and below-market leases). The purchase price allocation requires subjective estimates that, if incorrectly estimated, could be material to our consolidated financial statements including the amount of depreciation, amortization and accretion expense. The determination of the final purchase price

Index to Financial Statements

allocation could extend over several quarters resulting in the use of preliminary estimates that are subject to adjustment until finalized. During 2007, we completed the purchase price allocation for the Global Signal Merger and had no significant acquisitions in 2008.

We are required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of our tangible and intangible assets for purposes of determining depreciation, amortization and accretion expense that, if incorrectly estimated, could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Depreciation expense for our property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of our various classes of tangible assets. The substantial portion of our property and equipment represents the cost of our towers which is depreciated with an estimated useful life equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the lease (including optional renewals) for the land under the tower. The useful life of our intangible assets are estimated based on the period for which the intangible asset will benefit us. Our intangible assets predominately consist of site rental contracts that generally are amortized over a 20 year useful life.

We record the fair value of obligations to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements, pursuant to our ground leases, to remove towers or remediate the land upon which our towers reside. In determining the fair value of these asset retirement obligations we must make several subjective and highly judgmental estimates such as those related to: (1) timing of cash flows, (2) future costs and (3) discount rates. See notes 1 and 15 to our consolidated financial statements.

We review the carrying values of property and equipment, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) from the asset is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of the asset. Our determination that an adverse event or change in circumstance has occurred will generally involve (1) a deterioration in an asset’s financial performance compared to historical results, (2) a shortfall in an asset’s financial performance compared to forecasted results, or (3) a change in strategy affecting the utility of the asset. Our measurement of the fair value of an impaired asset will generally be based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows.

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, regardless of whether adverse events or changes in circumstances have occurred. The annual test begins with goodwill and all intangible assets being allocated to applicable reporting units. Goodwill is then tested using a two-step process that begins with an estimation of fair value of the reporting unit using an income approach, which looks to the present value of expected future cash flows. The first step is a screen for potential impairment while the second step measures the amount of impairment if there is an indication from the first step that one exists. Our reporting units are the operating segments since segment management operates their respective tower portfolios as a single network. Our measurement of the fair value for goodwill is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows of the reporting unit. The most important estimates for such calculations are the expected additions of new tenants on our towers, the terminal multiple for our projected cash flows, our weighted-average cost of capital and control premium.

On October 1, 2008, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test. The results of this test indicated that goodwill was not impaired at any of our reporting units. Despite the decline in our common stock price during the fourth quarter, our market capitalization was in excess of 80% above the aggregate carrying amount of the reporting units as of December 31, 2008. Future declines in our site rental business could result in an impairment of goodwill, property and equipment and intangible assets in the future. If impairment were to occur in the future, the calculations to measure the impairment could result in the write-off of some portion, to substantially all, of our goodwill, property and equipment and intangible assets.

Interest Rate Swaps. We enter into interest rate swaps to manage and reduce our interest rate risk. The designation of our interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges requires judgment including with respect to the required assessment of the effectiveness of hedging relationships both at inception and on an on-going basis. We have designated certain of our interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of changes in fair value of interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) and is recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. In contrast, the change in fair value of interest rate swaps related to hedge ineffectiveness and for those not designated as cash flow hedges is immediately marked to market in earnings.

Index to Financial Statements

Our interest rate swaps are predominately forward-starting. In assessing effectiveness of our forward starting swaps both at inception and on an on-going basis, we must make several highly subjective and judgmental estimates such as: (1) those related to the timing, amount, nature and probability of these future expected refinancings and (2) assessing whether it is probable that the counterparties to our swaps will not default. The state of the current credit markets makes these estimates regarding future refinancings especially difficult. As of December 31, 2008, we have estimated that it is probable the expected refinancings will occur. Changes in our assessment of hedge effectiveness including as result of changes in estimates regarding these future refinancings may result in prospectively discontinuing hedge accounting or the immediate reclassification of the current unrealized loss from AOCI to earnings.

The fair value of our interest rate swaps is determined using the income approach and is predominately based on observable interest rate yield curves and, to a lesser extent, the contract counterparty’s credit risk and our non-performance risk. The determination of the credit risk input is highly subjective and is primarily based on credit default swap spreads including indexes of comparable securities and management’s knowledge of current credit spreads in the debt market. As of December 31, 2008, a 50 basis point change in our credit spread would change the fair value of our interest rate swaps by less than one percent.

As of December 31, 2008, our outstanding forward-starting interest rate swaps had a combined notional amount of $5.3 billion and totaled $598.1 million on a settlement basis. In addition, we have two interest rate swaps with a combined notional amount of $625.0 million and which totaled $18.1 million on a settlement basis. As of December 31, 2008, we have recorded $435.2 million, net of tax, in AOCI related to interest rate swaps designated as hedges. During 2008, we recorded $22.2 million, net of tax, in earnings related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges and $2.5 million, net of tax, related to hedge ineffectiveness.

See also “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and notes 1, 6 and 7 to our consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Income Taxes. We record deferred income tax assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet related to events that impact our financial statements and tax returns in different periods. In order to compute these deferred tax balances, we first analyze the differences between the book basis and tax basis of our assets and liabilities (referred to as “temporary differences”). These temporary differences are then multiplied by current tax rates to arrive at the balances for the deferred income tax assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized. We recognize a tax position if it is more likely than not it will be sustained upon examination. The tax position is measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

The change in our net deferred income tax balances during a period generally results in a deferred income tax provision or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If our expectations about the future tax consequences of past events should prove to be inaccurate, the balances of our deferred income tax assets and liabilities could require significant adjustments in future periods. Such adjustments could cause a material effect on our results of operations for the period of the adjustment. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

Impact of Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted and Those Adopted in 2008

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (“SFAS 157”), Fair Value Measurements, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. On January 1, 2008, we adopted the provisions of SFAS 157, with the exception of a one-year deferral of implementation for non-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually). The requirements of SFAS 157 were applied prospectively. As a result of the adoption of SFAS 157, the interest rate swap fair value as of December 31, 2008 included $75.0 million related to the combined impact of counterparty and our credit risk. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of FAS 157 as of January 1, 2009 on our non-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis.

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 160 (“SFAS 160”), “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements—an Amendment to Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51.” SFAS 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51 to establish accounting and reporting standards

Index to Financial Statements

for the noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS 160 clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. SFAS 160 requires consolidated net income to be reported at amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest. The provisions of SFAS 160 are effective for us as of January 1, 2009. We expect that the adoption of SFAS 160 will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Although we will prospectively record the income or losses applicable to the non-controlling interest of CCAL even if their share of the CCAL cumulative losses exceeds their equity interests.

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141(R) (“SFAS 141(R)”), Business Combinations (revised 2007). SFAS 141(R) replaces Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 (“SFAS 141”), Business Combinations. SFAS 141(R) establishes principles and requirements for recognizing and measuring identifiable assets and goodwill acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in an acquisition, at their fair value as of the acquisition date. SFAS 141(R) will change the accounting treatment of certain items, including (1) acquisition and restructuring costs will be generally expensed as incurred, (2) noncontrolling interests will be valued at fair value at the acquisition date, (3) acquired contingent liabilities will be recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and subsequently measured at either the higher of such amount or the amount determined under existing guidance for non-acquired contingencies, and (4) changes in deferred tax asset valuation allowances and income tax uncertainties after the acquisition date will affect provision for income taxes. The provisions of SFAS 141(R) are applied prospectively to our business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009. SFAS 141(R) may have a material impact on business combinations after adoption. The impact from application of SFAS 141(R) depends on the facts and circumstances of the business combinations after adoption.

See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of recently issued accounting standards and the related impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Our measurement of profit or loss currently used to evaluate the operating performance of our operating segments is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted, or Adjusted EBITDA. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA is set forth in “Item 7. MD&A—Results of Operations—Comparison of Operating Segments.” Our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, including companies in the tower sector and as used in the historical financial statements of Global Signal, and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income or loss, net income or loss, cash flows provided by (used for) operating, investing and financing activities or other income statement or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because:

•

it is the primary measure used by our management to evaluate the economic productivity of our operations, including the efficiency of our employees and the profitability associated with their performance, the realization of contract revenue under our long-term contracts, our ability to obtain and maintain our customers and our ability to operate our site rental business effectively;

•

it is the primary measure of profit and loss used by management for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to, and assessing the performance of, our operating segments;

•

it is similar to the measure of current financial performance generally used in our debt covenant calculations;

•

although specific definitions may vary, it is widely used in the tower sector to measure operating performance without regard to items such as depreciation, amortization and accretion, which can vary depending upon accounting methods and the book value of assets; and

•

we believe it helps investors meaningfully evaluate and compare the results of our operations from (1) period to period and (2) to our competitors by removing the impact of our capital structure (primarily interest charges from our outstanding debt) and asset base (primarily depreciation, amortization and accretion) from our operating results.

Index to Financial Statements

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA:

•

with respect to compliance with our debt covenants, which require us to maintain certain financial ratios including, or similar to, Adjusted EBITDA;

•

as the primary measure of profit and loss for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to, and assessing the performance of, our operating segments;

•

as a performance goal in employee annual incentive compensation;

•

as a measurement of operating performance because it assists us in comparing our operating performance on a consistent basis as it removes the impact of our capital structure (primarily interest charges from our outstanding debt) and asset base (primarily depreciation, amortization and accretion) from our operating results;

•

in presentations to our board of directors to enable it to have the same measurement of operating performance used by management;

•

for planning purposes, including preparation of our annual operating budget;

•

as a valuation measure in strategic analyses in connection with the purchase and sale of assets; and

•

in determining self-imposed limits on our debt levels, including the evaluation of our leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio.

There are material limitations to using a measure such as Adjusted EBITDA, including the difficulty associated with comparing results among more than one company, including our competitors, and the inability to analyze certain significant items, including depreciation and interest expense, that directly affect our net income or loss. Management compensates for these limitations by considering the economic effect of the excluded expense items independently as well as in connection with their analysis of net income (loss).

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our primary exposures to market risks are related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We seek to manage exposure to changes in interest rates where economically prudent to do so by utilizing predominately fixed rate debt and interest rate swaps. We do not currently hedge against foreign currency exchange risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Our interest rate risk relates primarily to the impact of interest rate movements on the following, inclusive of the 9% senior notes issued January 2009 and the purchase of debt in January and February 2009: (1) the anticipated refinancing of the vast majority of our existing $6.8 billion of debt, (2) our $808.0 million of floating rate debt representing 12% of our total debt, and (3) potential future borrowings of incremental debt. The following discussion and tables below summarize our market risk exposure to interest rates, including our use of interest rate swaps to manage and reduce this risk. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

By the end of 2011, we expect to have refinanced a substantial amount of our outstanding debt; and we have entered into interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows from changes in LIBOR on these anticipated refinancings. We do not hedge our exposure to changes in credit spreads on these anticipated refinancings, as the rates fixed by our interest rate swaps are exclusive of any credit spread. We typically do not hedge our exposure to interest rates on potential future borrowings of additional debt for a substantial period prior to issuance. The current credit environment has resulted in a significant widening of credit spreads in the market since the original issuance of our existing debt. Unless the credit markets improve, our prospective debt financings will likely have higher costs, including in 2010 and 2011 when we anticipate refinancing a significant portion of our debt. In addition, if our tower revenue notes are not paid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011), then the interest rate increases by an additional approximately 5% per annum.

We have managed our exposure to market interest rates on our existing debt by (1) controlling the mix of fixed and floating rate debt and (2) utilizing interest rate swaps to hedge variability in cash flows from changes in LIBOR on our outstanding floating rate debt. As of December 31, 2008, we had $808.0 million of floating rate debt, of which $625.0 million is effectively converted to a fixed rate through an interest rate swap until December 2009. As a result, a hypothetical unfavorable fluctuation in market interest rates on our existing debt of one percentage point over a twelve-month period would increase our interest expense by approximately $1.8 million.

Index to Financial Statements

A hypothetical decrease of 50 basis points in the prevailing LIBOR yield curve as of December 31, 2008 would increase the liability for our swaps by nearly $140 million. We are exposed to non-performance risk from the counterparties to our interest rate swaps. In October 2008, a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that was our counterparty for two interest rate swaps filed for bankruptcy. These two interest rate swaps have a combined notional value of $475 million and represent a liability of approximately $46.3 million as of December 31, 2008. Our other interest rate swaps are with Morgan Stanley and the Royal Bank of Scotland plc who have credit ratings of “A” or better. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements and the tables below.

As of February 17, 2009, the fair value of debt was $6.3 billion representing an amount less than carrying value of approximately $422 million, compared to an amount less than carrying value of approximately $1.3 billion at December 31, 2008. As of February 17, 2009, the settlement value of interest rate swaps was a liability of $520.5 million, a decrease of $95.7 million from December 31, 2008.

Index to Financial Statements

The following tables provide information about our market risk related to changes in interest rates. The future principal payments, weighted-average interest rates and the interest rate swaps are presented as of December 31, 2008, after giving effect to (1) the extension of the revolving credit facility maturity to January 2010 from January 2009, (2) purchases of debt in January and February 2009, and (3) issuance of the 9% senior notes in January 2009 exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases and repayments of debt. These debt maturities reflect contractual maturity dates and do not consider the impact of the principal payments that will commence following the anticipated repayment dates on the tower revenue notes (see footnote (b)). See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our debt and interest rate swaps.


	Future Principal Payments and Interest Rates by the Debt Instruments’ Contractual Year of Maturity
	2009			2010			2011			2012			2013			Thereafter			Total			Fair Value(g)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Fixed rate debt (b)	$	246,455		$	—	(b)	$	1,462,243		$	—		$	51		$	4,350,000		$	6,058,749		$	4,874,361
Average interest rate (a)(b)		4.7	%		—	(b)		5.7	%		—			7.5	%		10.0	%		8.8	%
Variable rate debt (c)	$	6,500		$	175,900		$	6,500		$	6,500		$	6,500		$	606,125		$	808,025		$	622,824
Average interest rate (d)		5.4	%		2.7	%		5.4	%		5.4	%		5.4	%		5.4	%		4.8	%


	Notional Amounts and Interest Rates by the Year of Maturity of the Interest Rate Swaps
	2009			2010			2011			2012		2013		Thereafter		Total			Fair Value(i)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Interest Rate Swaps(h):
Variable to Fixed—Forward starting (e)	$	293,825		$	1,900,000		$	3,100,000		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,293,825		$	(523,740	)
Average Fixed Rate(f)		5.1	%		5.2	%		5.2	%		—		—		—		5.2	%
Variable to Fixed	$	625,000	(d)	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	625,000	(d)	$	(17,431	)
Average Fixed Rate(f)		4.1	%(d)		—			—			—		—		—		4.1	%(d)

(a)	The average interest rate represents the weighted-average stated coupon rate (see footnote (b)).

(b)

As previously discussed, if the tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011) then the interest rate increases by an additional approximately 5% per annum and monthly principal payments commence using the Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The tower revenue notes are presented based on their contractual maturity dates in 2035 and 2036 and include the impact of an assumed 5% increase in interest rate that would occur following the anticipated repayment dates but exclude the impact of monthly principal payments that would commence using Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers is nearly $350 million for the annualized quarter ended December 31, 2008.

(c)	Our variable rate debt consists of $169.4 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility and $638.6 million outstanding under our term loans.

(d)

The interest rate on our revolving credit facility and term loans represents the rate currently in effect, exclusive of the effect of our interest rate swaps. LIBOR on $625.0 million of the 2007 term loans has effectively been converted to a fixed rate of 4.1% until December 2009 through interest rate swaps. See the table below.

(e)

These interest rate swaps are forward starting interest rate swaps that hedge exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to changes in LIBOR on the expected future refinancing of our fixed rate debt. These interest rate swaps have a contractual maturity on their respective effective dates (projected refinancing dates of the hedged debt) upon which they will be terminated and settled in cash. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our forward starting interest rate swaps.

(f)	Exclusive of any applicable credit spreads.

(g)

The fair value of our debt is based on indicative quotes (that is, non-binding quotes) from brokers that require judgment to interpret market information, including implied credit spreads for similar borrowings on recent trades or bid/ask offers. These fair values are not necessarily indicative of the amount which could be realized in a current market exchange. See discussion above regarding the change in fair value from December 31, 2008 to February 17, 2009.

(h)	Inclusive of the previously mentioned swaps with a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that filed bankruptcy.

(i)

The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using the income approach and is predominately based on observable interest rates and yield curves. The fair value predominately results from the difference between the fixed rate and the prevailing LIBOR yield curve and, to a lesser extent, the contract counterparties and our credit risk. As of December 31, 2008, $75.0 million of the fair value related to credit risk (primarily our non-performance risk) and the amount of the liability on a cash settlement basis is approximately $616.2 million. See discussion above regarding the change in fair value from December 31, 2008 to February 17, 2009.

Index to Financial Statements

Foreign Currency Risk

The vast majority of our foreign currency risk is related to the Australian dollar which is the functional currency of CCAL. CCAL represented 6% of both our consolidated revenues and operating income for 2008. As of February 17, 2009, the Australian dollar exchange rate had declined approximately 24% from the average rate for 2008. If the foreign currency exchange rate had been 0.65 for 2008, our consolidated revenues and operating income would have been reduced by approximately $21 million and $4 million, respectively.

Foreign exchange markets have recently been volatile, and we expect foreign exchange markets to continue to be volatile over the near term. We believe the risk related to our financial instruments (exclusive of inter-company financing deemed a long-term investment) denominated in Australian dollars should not be material to our financial condition. However, our revenues and costs have been, and will continue to be, impacted by changes in the Australian dollar exchange rates.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Crown Castle International Corp. and Subsidiaries

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements


		Page
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		44
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2007 and 2008		45
Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008		46
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008		47
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008		48
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		49

Index to Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Crown Castle International Corp.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Crown Castle International Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and stockholders’ equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited financial statement schedule II. These consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Crown Castle International Corp. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

As discussed in Note 8, the Company adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, effective January 1, 2007. As discussed in Note 1, the Company adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, effective January 1, 2008.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Crown Castle International Corp.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 26, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

February 26, 2009

Index to Financial Statements

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

(In thousands of dollars, except share amounts)


	December 31,
	2007			2008
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	75,245		$	155,219
Restricted cash		165,556			147,852
Receivables net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,684 and $6,267, respectively		33,842			37,621
Deferred site rental receivables		22,261			29,650
Prepaid expenses		72,518			74,295
Deferred income tax assets		113,492			28,331
Other current assets		14,341			12,200

Total current assets		497,255			485,168
Restricted cash		5,000			5,000
Deferred site rental receivables		127,388			144,474
Available-for-sale securities		60,085			4,216
Property and equipment, net		5,051,055			5,060,126
Goodwill		1,970,501			1,983,950
Other intangible assets, net:
Site rental contracts		2,554,729			2,441,254
Other		121,559			110,078
Deferred financing costs and other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $26,358 and $40,096, respectively		100,561			127,456

Total assets	$	10,488,133		$	10,361,722

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	37,366		$	33,808
Accrued compensation and related benefits		29,525			28,483
Deferred revenues		144,760			174,213
Interest rate swaps		3,985			52,539
Other accrued liabilities		74,851			79,098
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt		81,500			466,217

Total current liabilities		371,987			834,358
Long-term debt		5,987,695			5,630,527
Deferred ground lease payables		172,508			199,399
Deferred income tax liabilities		281,259			40,446
Interest rate swaps		61,356			488,632
Other liabilities		132,619			137,769

Total liabilities		7,007,424			7,331,131

Commitments and contingencies (note 15)
Minority interests		—			—
Redeemable preferred stock, $0.1 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2007 and 2008—6,361,000; stated net of unamortized issue costs; mandatory redemption and aggregate liquidation value of $318,050		313,798			314,726
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $.01 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2007—282,507,106 and December 31, 2008—288,464,431		2,825			2,885
Additional paid-in capital		5,561,454			5,614,507
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		26,166			(408,329	)
Accumulated deficit		(2,423,534	)		(2,493,198	)

Total stockholders’ equity		3,166,911			2,715,865

	$	10,488,133		$	10,361,722

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index to Financial Statements

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)


	Years Ended December 31,
	2006			2007			2008
Net revenues:
Site rental	$	696,724		$	1,286,468		$	1,402,559
Network services and other		91,497			99,018			123,945

Operating expenses:		788,221			1,385,486			1,526,504
Costs of operations(a):
Site rental		212,454			443,342			456,123
Network services and other		60,507			65,742			82,452
General and administrative		104,532			142,846			149,586
Restructuring charges (credits)		(391	)		3,191			—
Asset write-down charges		2,945			65,515			16,888
Integration costs		1,503			25,418			2,504
Depreciation, amortization and accretion		285,244			539,904			526,442

Operating income (loss)		121,427			99,528			292,509
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs		(162,328	)		(350,259	)		(354,114	)
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt		(5,843	)		—			42
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps		491			—			(37,888	)
Impairment of available-for-sale securities		—			(75,623	)		(55,869	)
Interest and other income (expense)		(2,120	)		9,351			2,101

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests		(48,373	)		(317,003	)		(153,219	)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes		(843	)		94,039			104,361
Minority interests		1,666			151			—

Income (loss) from continuing operations		(47,550	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)

Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax		5,657			—			—

Net income (loss)		(41,893	)		(222,813	)		(48,858	)
Dividends on preferred stock		(20,806	)		(20,805	)		(20,806	)

Net income (loss) after deduction of dividends on preferred stock	$	(62,699	)	$	(243,618	)	$	(69,664	)

Net income (loss)	$	(41,893	)	$	(222,813	)	$	(48,858	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax:
Unrealized gains (losses), net of taxes $-0-, $18,094 and $0		19,247			(76,776	)		(55,869	)
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of taxes $-0-, $18,094 and $0		—			57,529			55,869
Derivative instruments, net of tax:
Net change in fair value of cash flow hedging instruments net of taxes of $-0-, $27,499 and $52,621		(6,843	)		(40,042	)		(392,993	)
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of taxes of $-0-, $1,057 and $3,742		969			1,963			6,949
Foreign currency translation adjustments		9,690			18,492			(48,451	)

Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(18,830	)	$	(261,647	)	$	(483,353	)

Per common share – basic and diluted:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.25	)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations		0.03			—			—

Net income (loss)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.25	)

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted (in thousands)		207,245			279,937			282,007

(a)	Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index to Financial Statements

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands of dollars)


	Years Ended December 31,
	2006			2007			2008
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(41,893	)	$	(222,813	)	$	(48,858	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion		285,244			539,904			526,442
Gains (losses) on purchases and redemptions of long-term debt		5,843			—			(42	)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and other non-cash interest		11,977			23,913			24,830
Stock-based compensation expense		14,896			23,542			25,896
Asset write-down charges		2,945			65,515			16,888
Equity in losses and write-downs of unconsolidated affiliates		9,531			1,000			—
Deferred income tax provision (benefit)		(2,303	)		(98,914	)		(113,557	)
Income (expense) from forward-starting interest rate swaps		(491	)		—			34,111
Impairment of available-for-sale securities		—			75,623			55,869
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations		(5,657	)		—			—
Other adjustments		(2,288	)		(2,331	)		(1,745	)
Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of acquisitions:
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest		3,524			3,170			(1,031	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable		4,768			7,592			(2,564	)
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues, deferred ground lease payables, other accrued liabilities and other liabilities		27,383			2,799			80,701
Decrease (increase) in receivables		(13,067	)		3,966			(5,010	)
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses, deferred site rental receivables and other assets		(24,653	)		(72,611	)		(78,929	)

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities		275,759			350,355			513,001

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from disposition of property and equipment		2,282			3,664			1,855
Payment for acquisitions (net of cash acquired) of businesses		(303,611	)		(494,352	)		(27,736	)
Capital expenditures		(124,820	)		(300,005	)		(450,732	)
Other		(6,350	)		(755	)		—

Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities		(432,499	)		(791,448	)		(476,613	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		2,550,000			650,000			—
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock		45,540			31,176			8,444
Principal payments on long-term debt		(1,000,585	)		(4,875	)		(6,500	)
Purchases and redemptions of long-term debt		(12,108	)		—			(282	)
Purchases of capital stock ($-0-, $600,450 and $0 from related parties)		(518,028	)		(729,811	)		(44,685	)
Borrowings under revolving credit agreements		—			75,000			94,400
Payments under revolving credit agreements		(295,000	)		—			—
Payments for financing costs		(36,918	)		(9,108	)		(1,527	)
Net (increase) decrease in restricted cash		(24,750	)		(33,089	)		17,745
Interest rate swap receipts (payments)		(9,360	)		—			—
Dividends on preferred stock		(19,877	)		(19,879	)		(19,878	)
Return of capital to minority interest holders of CCAL		—			(37,196	)		—

Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		678,914			(77,782	)		47,717

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(523	)		1,404			(4,131	)

Cash flows from discontinued operations:
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities		5,657			—			—

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		527,308			(517,471	)		79,974
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		65,408			592,716			75,245

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	592,716		$	75,245		$	155,219

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index to Financial Statements

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands of dollars, except share amounts)


	Common Stock								Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)
	Shares		($.01 Par)			Additional Paid-In Capital			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Derivative Instruments			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-sale Securities		Accumulated Deficit			Total
Balance, January 1, 2006	214,188,524		$	2,142		$	3,256,196		$	47,090	$	(5,153	)	$	—	$	(2,121,899	)	$	1,178,376

Issuances of capital stock, net of forfeitures	3,760,597			38			45,628			—		—			—		—			45,666
Purchases and retirement of capital stock	(15,868,575	)		(159	)		(517,869	)		—		—			—		—			(518,028	)
Stock-based compensation expense	—			—			13,845			—		—			—		—			13,845
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—			—			—			9,690		—			—		—			9,690
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—			—		—			19,247		—			19,247
Derivative instruments:
Net change in fair value of cash flow hedging instruments, net of tax	—			—			—			—		(6,843	)		—		—			(6,843	)
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of tax	—			—			—			—		969			—		—			969
SAB 51 gain on FiberTower Merger	—			—			76,381			—		—			—		—			76,381
Reclassification of CCAL stock-based compensation	—			—			(323	)		—		—			—		—			(323	)
Dividends on preferred stock	—			—			—			—		—			—		(20,806	)		(20,806	)
Net income (loss)	—			—			—			—		—			—		(41,893	)		(41,893	)

Balance, December 31, 2006	202,080,546		$	2,021		$	2,873,858		$	56,780	$	(11,027	)	$	19,247	$	(2,184,598	)	$	756,281

Cumulative effect to prior year accumulated deficit related to the adoption of FIN 48 (note 8)	—			—			—			—		—			—		4,682			4,682
Issuance of common stock and assumption of options and warrants in connection with the Global Signal Merger	98,140,929			981			3,372,926			—		—			—		—			3,373,907
Other issuances of capital stock, net of forfeitures	3,328,264			34			31,591			—		—			—		—			31,625
Purchases and retirement of capital stock	(21,042,633	)		(211	)		(729,600	)		—		—			—		—			(729,811	)
Stock-based compensation expense	—			—			21,621			—		—			—		—			21,621
Capital distribution to minority interest holders of CCAL	—			—			(8,942	)

Crown Castle International (CCI)

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8-K

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