BEN » Topics » Federal Income Tax Consequences

This excerpt taken from the BEN DEF 14A filed Jan 25, 2010.

Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following discussion summarizes certain tax considerations for participants and certain tax effects to the Company. The statements in the following paragraphs of the principal U.S. federal income tax consequences of benefits under the 2002 USIP are based on statutory authority and judicial and administrative interpretations, as of the date of this Proxy Statement, which are subject to change at any time (possibly with retroactive effect). The tax law is technical and complex, and the discussion below represents only a general summary.

Incentive Stock Options

Incentive stock options (“ISOs”) granted under the 2002 USIP are intended to meet the definitional requirements of Section 422(b) of the Code for “incentive stock options”. An employee who receives an ISO does not recognize any taxable income upon the grant of such ISO. Similarly, the exercise of an ISO generally does not give rise to federal income tax to the employee, provided that (i) the federal “alternative minimum tax,” which depends on the employee’s particular tax situation, does not apply and (ii) the employee is employed by the Company from the date of the grant of the option until three months prior to the exercise thereof, except where such employment terminates by reason of disability (where the three month period is extended to one year) or death (where this requirement does not apply). If any employee exercises an ISO after the requisite periods referred to in clause (ii) above, the ISO will be treated as an NSO (as defined below) and will be subject

 

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to the rules set forth below under the caption “Non-Qualified Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights”. Further, if after exercising an ISO, an employee disposes of the common stock so acquired more than two years from the date of grant and more than one year from the date of transfer of the common stock pursuant to the exercise of such ISO (the “applicable holding period”), the employee will generally recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference, if any, between the amount received for the shares and the exercise price.

If, however, any employee does not hold the shares so acquired for the applicable holding period, thereby making a “disqualifying disposition”, the employee would recognize ordinary income equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares at the time the ISO was exercised over the exercise price and the balance, if any, would generally be treated as capital gain. If the disqualifying disposition is a sale or exchange that would permit a loss to be recognized under the Code (were a loss in fact to be realized), and the sales proceeds are less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise, the employee’s ordinary income would be limited to the gain (if any) realized on the sale. An employee who exercises an ISO by delivering common stock previously acquired pursuant to the exercise of another ISO is treated as making a “disqualifying disposition” of such common stock if such shares are delivered before the expiration of their applicable holding period. Upon the exercise of an ISO with previously-acquired shares as to which no disqualifying disposition occurs, despite some uncertainty, it appears that the employee would not recognize gain or loss with respect to such previously-acquired shares.

The Company will not be allowed a federal income tax deduction upon the grant or exercise of an ISO or the disposition, after the applicable holding period, of the common stock acquired upon exercise of an ISO. In the event of a disqualifying disposition, the Company generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income included by the employee, provided that such amount constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense to the Company and is reasonable and the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code (discussed above) do not apply.

Non-Qualified Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

Non-qualified stock options (“NSO”) granted under the 2002 USIP are options that do not qualify as ISOs. An employee who receives an NSO or Stock Appreciation Right (“SAR”) will not recognize any taxable income upon the grant of such NSO or SAR. However, the employee generally will recognize ordinary income upon exercise of an NSO in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares of common stock at the time of exercise over the exercise price. Similarly, upon the receipt of cash or shares pursuant to the exercise of an SAR, the individual generally will recognize ordinary income in an amount equal to the sum of the cash and the fair market value of the shares received. Under certain circumstances, the timing of income recognition may be deferred for any individual who is an executive officer or director of the Company or a beneficial owner of more than ten percent (10%) of any class of equity securities of the Company. The ordinary income recognized with respect to the receipt of shares or cash upon exercise of an NSO or an SAR (whether or not deferred) by employees and former employees will be subject to both wage withholding and other employment taxes. In addition to the customary methods of satisfying the withholding tax liabilities that arise upon the exercise of an SAR for shares or upon the exercise of an NSO, the Company may satisfy the minimum tax withholding liability in whole or in part by withholding shares of common stock from those that otherwise would be issuable to the individual or by the employee tendering other shares owned by him or her, valued at their fair market value as of the date that the tax withholding obligation arises. A federal income tax deduction generally will be allowed to the Company in an amount equal to the ordinary income included by the individual with respect to the exercise of his or her NSO or SAR, provided that such amount constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense to the Company and is reasonable and the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code do not apply. If an individual exercises an NSO by delivering shares of common stock, other than shares previously acquired pursuant to the exercise of an ISO which is treated as a “disqualifying disposition” as described above, the individual will not recognize gain or loss with respect to the exchange of such shares, even if their then fair market value is different from the individual’s tax basis. The individual, however, will be taxed as described above with respect to the exercise of the NSO as if he or she had paid the exercise price in cash, and the Company likewise generally will be entitled to an equivalent tax deduction.

 

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Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards granted by the Company fall within the Code’s guidelines for awards that are restricted as to transferability or subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and, absent a written election pursuant to Section 83(b) of the Code filed with the Internal Revenue Service within 30 days after the date of transfer of such shares pursuant to the award (a “Section 83(b) election”), an individual will recognize ordinary income at the earlier of the time at which (i) the shares become transferable or (ii) the restrictions that impose a substantial risk of forfeiture of such shares lapse, in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value (on such date) of such shares over the price paid for the award, if any.

If a Section 83(b) election is made, the individual will recognize ordinary income, as of the transfer date, in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the common stock as of that date over the amount paid for such award, if any. The ordinary income recognized with respect to the receipt of cash, shares of common stock or other property by employees and former employees under the 2002 USIP will be subject to both wage withholding and other employment taxes. The Company generally will be allowed a deduction for federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the employee, provided that such amount constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense and is reasonable and the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code do not apply.

Individuals will recognize gain upon the disposition of any shares received equal to the excess of (i) the amount realized on such disposition over (ii) the ordinary income recognized with respect to such shares under the principles set forth above. That gain will be taxable as long or short-term capital gain depending on whether the shares were held for more than one year.

Restricted Stock Units

Recipients of restricted stock units generally should not recognize income until such units are converted into cash or shares of common stock. Upon conversion, the individual will normally recognize ordinary income equal to the amount of cash and fair market value the shares, if any, received upon such conversion. The ordinary income recognized with respect to the receipt of cash or shares of common stock by employees and former employees will be subject to both wage withholding and other employment taxes. The Company generally will be allowed a deduction for federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the employee, provided that such amount constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense and is reasonable and the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code do not apply.

Individuals will recognize gain upon the disposition of any shares received upon conversion of the restricted stock units equal to the excess of (i) the amount realized on such disposition over (ii) the ordinary income recognized with respect to such shares under the principles set forth above. That gain will be taxable as long or short-term capital gain depending on whether the shares were held for more than one year.

Dividends and Dividend Equivalents

To the extent unvested and/or unexercised shares subject to such awards under the 2002 USIP earn dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid currently or credited to an account established under the 2002 USIP, an individual generally will recognize ordinary income, which income is subject to both wage withholding and other employment taxes if the recipient is an employee. The Company generally will be allowed a deduction for federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the employee, provided that such amount constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense and is reasonable and the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Code do not apply.

Section 409A

Section 409A of the Code, which was added by the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, imposes certain requirements on non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements. These include requirements with respect to

 

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an individual’s election to defer compensation and the individual’s selection of the timing and form of distribution of the deferred compensation. Section 409A also generally provides that distributions may be made only on specified dates or on or following the occurrence of certain events (e.g., the individual’s separation from service or the individual’s death). Section 409A imposes restrictions on an individual’s ability to change his or her distribution timing or form after the compensation has been deferred. For certain individuals who are officers, Section 409A requires that such individual’s distributions in connection with a separation from service commence no earlier than six months after such officer’s separation from service.

Awards granted under the 2002 USIP with a deferral feature will generally be subject to the requirements of Section 409A. If an award is subject to and fails to satisfy the requirements of Section 409A, the recipient of that award will recognize ordinary income on the amounts deferred under the award, to the extent vested, which may be prior to when the compensation is actually or constructively received. Also, if an award that is subject to Section 409A fails to comply with Section 409A’s provisions, Section 409A imposes an additional 20% federal income tax on compensation recognized as ordinary income, as well as possible interest charges and penalties. Certain states have enacted laws similar to Section 409A which impose additional taxes, interest and penalties on non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements. The Company will also have withholding and reporting requirements with respect to such amounts.

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