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Manpower 10-Q 2011 FORM 10-Q
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
x Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended:
September 30, 2011
or
¨ Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from: ______to______
Commission file number: 1-10686
MANPOWER INC.
(d/b/a ManpowerGroup)
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (414) 961-1000
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes xNo ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes xNo ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one):
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨No x
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
ManpowerGroup
INDEX
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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1 – Financial Statements (unaudited)
ManpowerGroup
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(In millions)
ASSETS
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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ManpowerGroup
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(In millions, except share and per share data)
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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ManpowerGroup
Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)
(In millions, except per share data)
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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ManpowerGroup
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(In millions)
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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ManpowerGroup
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
For the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2011 and 2010
(In millions, except share and per share data)
(1) Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, although we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2010 Annual Report to Shareholders.
The information provided reflects all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, were necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations for the periods presented. Such adjustments were of a normal recurring nature.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
In accordance with the current accounting guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform an annual impairment test of goodwill at our reporting unit level and indefinite-lived intangible assets at our unit of account level during the third quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting units below their carrying value.
We performed our annual impairment test of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets during the third quarter of 2011 and determined that there was no impairment of our goodwill or our indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Significant assumptions used in our annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2011 included: expected future revenue growth rates, operating unit profit margins, and working capital levels; discount rates ranging from 12.3% to 20.0%; and a terminal value multiple. The expected future revenue growth rates and operating unit profit margins were determined after taking into consideration our historical revenue growth rates and operating unit profit margins, our assessment of future market potential, and our expectations of future business performance.
Subsequent Events
We have evaluated events and transactions occurring after the balance sheet date through our filing date and noted no events that are subject to recognition or disclosure other than what is included in Note 4, Note 9 and Note 11.
(2) Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In December 2010, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on business combinations. The new guidance clarifies the acquisition date that should be used for reporting the pro forma financial information disclosures when comparative financial statements are presented. The guidance also expands the supplemental pro forma disclosures. We adopted the guidance prospectively as of January 2011, for our business combinations with an acquisition date on or after January 1, 2011. There was no impact of this adoption on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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In May 2011, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on fair value measurement. The new guidance clarifies some existing concepts, eliminates wording differences between U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), and in some limited cases, changes some principles to achieve convergence between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. The new guidance results in a consistent definition of fair value and common requirements for measurement of and disclosure about fair value between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. It also expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. The guidance is effective for us in 2012 and must be applied prospectively. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In June 2011, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on presentation of comprehensive income. The new guidance requires an entity to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income, or in two separate but consecutive statements. It eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of shareholders' equity. The guidance is effective for us in 2012 and must be applied retrospectively. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have an impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September 2011, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on testing goodwill for impairment. Under the revised guidance, entities testing goodwill for impairment have the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i.e. step 1 of the goodwill impairment test). If entities determine, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, the two-step impairment test would be required. The guidance is effective for us in 2012, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have an impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
(3) Stock Compensation Plans
During the three months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, we recognized share-based compensation expense of approximately $8.2 and $6.4, respectively, and $24.7 and $17.9 for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The expense relates to grants of stock options, deferred stock units, restricted stock units and performance share units. Consideration received from stock-based awards was $21.0 and $15.8 for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, respectively. We recognize share-based compensation expense related to grants of share-based awards in Selling and Administrative Expenses on a straight-line basis over the service period of each award.
(4) Acquisitions
From time to time, we acquire and invest in companies throughout the world, including franchises. The total cash consideration for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, for the nine months ended September 30 was $32.1 and $260.6 for 2011 and 2010, respectively.
On September 22, 2011, we acquired approximately 70% of the shares and voting rights of Proservia SA, a provider of information technology and systems engineering solutions in France. We acquired most of the remaining shares and voting rights on November 2, 2011. The purchase price was €14.89 per share. As of September 30, 2011, we have not completed the purchase accounting associated with this acquisition.
Total consolidated amortization expense for intangible assets related to acquisitions for the remainder of 2011 is expected to be $10.0 and in each of the next five years is expected to be as follows: 2012- $35.9, 2013 - $31.1, 2014 - $25.9, 2015 - $22.6 and 2016 - $19.4.
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(5) Reorganization Costs
We recorded net reorganization costs of $2.1 and $8.1 in the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively, in Selling and Administrative Expenses, related to severances and office closures and consolidations in several countries. These expenses are net of reversals of previous accruals resulting mainly from larger-than-estimated cost savings from subleasing and lease buyouts as well as lower-than-expected severance costs. During the first nine months of 2011, we made payments of $18.8 out of our reorganization reserve. We expect a majority of the remaining $17.5 reserve will be paid by the end of 2012.
Changes in the reorganization reserve by reportable segment and Corporate are shown below. This presentation reflects the realignment of our segments. See Note 15 for further information.
(1) Balance related to United States was $7.4 as of January 1, 2011. During the first nine months of 2011, United States recorded severance reversals of ($0.3) and office closure costs of $0.2 and paid out $4.4, leaving a $2.9 liability as of September 30, 2011.
(2) Balance related to France was $5.6 as of January 1, 2011. During the first nine months of 2011, France recorded office closure costs of $0.1 and paid/utilized $2.2, leaving a $3.5 liability as of September 30, 2011. Italy had no liability as of January 1, 2011 but recorded severance costs of $0.9 in the first nine months of 2011 and paid out $0.5, leaving a $0.4 liability as of September 30, 2011.
(6) Income Taxes
We recorded income tax expense, at an effective rate of 45.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2011, as compared to an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 48.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2010. The 2011 rate was favorably impacted by the overall mix of earnings, primarily an increase to non-U.S. income, while 2010 was unfavorably impacted by an increase in valuation allowances related to losses in certain non-U.S. entities and the repatriation of certain non-U.S. earnings. The 45.9% rate was higher than the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 35%, and we currently expect an annual effective tax rate of approximately 47%, due primarily to the impact of the mix of U.S. and non-U.S. earnings, valuation allowances, other permanent items, repatriations from non-U.S. entities and the French Business Tax. Excluding the impact of the French Business Tax, our tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2011 would have been approximately 36%.
We recorded an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 47.9%, for the first nine months of 2011, as compared to an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 53.7%, for the first nine months of 2010. The 2011 rate was favorably impacted by the overall mix of earnings, primarily an increase to non-U.S. income. Excluding the impact of the French Business Tax, our tax rate for the first nine months of 2011 would have been approximately 37%.
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As of September 30, 2011, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $27.4 recorded in accordance with the current accounting guidance on uncertain tax positions. Our uncertain tax position accrual was related to various tax jurisdictions, including $1.5 of interest and penalties, and related tax benefits of $4.3. As of December 31, 2010, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $26.4, including $1.4 of interest and penalties, and related tax benefits of $4.3. The net amount of $23.1 as of September 30, 2011 would favorably affect the effective tax rate if recognized. We do not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months. There was no significant change in the total unrecognized tax benefits due to the settlement of audits, the expiration of statute of limitations, or for other items during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2011.
We conduct business globally and, as a result, we are routinely audited by the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. Generally, the tax years that remain subject to tax examination are 2007 through 2011 for our major operations in the U.S., France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Italy. As of September 30, 2011, we are under audit in France, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Norway, Spain, Japan, Austria and the U.S., and we believe that the resolution of these audits will not have a material impact on earnings.
(7) Net Earnings Per Share
The calculation of Net Earnings Per Share – Basic and Net Earnings Per Share – Diluted was as follows:
There were 3.9 million and 3.2 million stock-based awards excluded from the calculation of Net Earnings Per Share – Diluted for the three months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, respectively, and 2.5 million and 3.2 million stock-based awards excluded from the calculation of Net Earnings Per Share – Diluted for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 and 2010, respectively, as the exercise price for these awards was greater than the average market price of the common shares during the period.
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(8) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We have goodwill, amortizable intangible assets and intangible assets that do not require amortization, as follows:
Changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment and Corporate were as follows. This presentation reflects the realignment of our segments. See Note 15 for further information.
(1) Balances related to the United States were $451.7 and $448.3 as of January 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011, respectively.
(2) Balances related to France were $15.8 and $43.5 as of January 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011, respectively. Balances related to Italy were $4.6 as of both January 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011.
(3) The majority of the Corporate balance relates to goodwill attributable from our acquisition of Jefferson Wells ($55.5) which is now part of the United States reporting unit. For purposes of monitoring our total assets by segment, we do not allocate the Corporate balance to the respective reportable segments as this is commensurate with how we operate our business. We do, however, include these balances within the appropriate reporting units for our goodwill impairment testing. See table below for the breakout of goodwill balances by reporting unit.
(4) Balances were net of accumulated impairment loss of $513.4 as of both January 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011.
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Goodwill balances by reporting unit were as follows:
For information on our annual impairment test of goodwill, which is performed during third quarter, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(9) Debt
On October 5, 2011, we entered into a new $800.0 Five-Year Credit Agreement (the “New Agreement”) with a syndicate of commercial banks. This New Agreement replaces our previous $400.0 revolving credit facility. The New Agreement allows for borrowing in various currencies and up to $150.0 may be used for the issuance of stand-by letters of credit. The New Agreement terminates in October 2016.
Under the New Agreement, a debt ratings-based pricing grid determines the facility fee and the credit spread that we add to the applicable interbank borrowing rate on all borrowings. At our current credit rating, the annual facility fee is 22.5 bps paid on the entire $800.0 revolving credit facility and the credit spread is 127.5 bps on any borrowings.
The New Agreement contains customary restrictive covenants pertaining to our management and operations, including limitations on the amount of subsidiary debt that we may incur and limitations on our ability to pledge assets, as well as financial covenants, including covenants requiring, among other things, that we comply with a leverage ratio (Debt-to-EBITDA) of not greater than 3.5 to 1 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.5 to 1. The material terms and conditions of the New Agreements are substantially similar to the material terms and conditions of the prior credit facility.
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(10) Retirement Plans
The components of the net periodic benefit cost for our plans were as follows:
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2011, contributions made to our pension plans were $7.3 and $17.0, respectively, and contributions made to our retiree health care plan were $0.5 and $1.4, respectively. During 2011, we expect to make total contributions of approximately $21.0 to our pension plans and to fund our retiree health care payments as incurred.
(11) Shareholders’ Equity
The components of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, net of tax, were as follows:
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The components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of tax, were as follows:
In November 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 3.0 million shares of our common stock. This authorization was in addition to the 2010 authorization to repurchase 3.0 million shares of our common stock and the 2007 authorization to repurchase 5.0 million shares of our common stock, not to exceed a total purchase price of $400.0. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, forward repurchase agreements or similar facilities. During the first nine months of 2011, we repurchased a total of 923,200 shares, composed of 236,790 shares under the 2007 authorization and 686,410 shares under the 2010 authorization. As of the third quarter of 2011, there were no shares remaining under the 2007 authorization. Under the 2010 authorization, there were 2.3 million shares remaining authorized for repurchase as of September 30, 2011.
On May 3, 2011, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.40 per share, which was paid on June 15, 2011 to shareholders of record on June 1, 2011.
On November 3, 2011, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.40 per share, which is payable on December 15, 2011 to shareholders of record on December 5, 2011.
(12) Interest and Other Expenses
Interest and Other Expenses consisted of the following:
(13) Derivative Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
We are exposed to various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. Among these risks are foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk, which are managed through the use of derivative instruments. In certain circumstances, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts (“forward contracts”) to reduce the effects of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates on our cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our Long-Term Debt obligations. We have historically managed interest rate risk through the use of a combination of fixed and variable rate borrowings and interest rate swap agreements. In accordance with current accounting guidance on derivative instruments and hedging activities, we record all of our derivative instruments as either an asset or liability measured at their fair value.
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The €300.0 ($401.4) Notes and the €200.0 ($267.3) Notes were designated as economic hedges of our net investment in our foreign subsidiaries with a Euro functional currency as of September 30, 2011. For derivatives designated as an economic hedge of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation, the gain or loss associated with foreign currency translation is recorded as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of taxes. As of September 30, 2011, we had a $56.2 unrealized loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, net of taxes, as the net investment hedge was deemed effective.
Our forward contracts are not designated as hedges. Consequently, any gain or loss resulting from the change in fair value is recognized in the current period earnings. These gains or losses are offset by the exposure related to receivables and payables with our foreign subsidiaries and to interest due on our Euro-denominated notes, which is paid annually in June. We recorded a gain of $0.1 associated with our forward contracts in Interest and Other Expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2011, which offset the losses recorded for the items noted above. For the nine months ended September 30, 2011, we recorded a gain of $0.2 associated with our forward contracts.
The fair value measurements of those items recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:
The fair value of the Euro-denominated notes was $680.3 and $686.3 as of September 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively, compared to a carrying value of $668.8 and $668.3, respectively. The carrying value of the remaining Long-Term Debt approximates fair value.
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(14) Contingencies
In February 2009, the French Competition Council rendered its decision and levied a fine of €42.0 ($55.9) related to the competition investigation that began in November 2004, conducted by France’s Direction Generale de la concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Repression des Fraudes, a body of the French Finance Minister that investigates frauds and competition violations. We had accrued for this fine as of December 31, 2008, paid this fine in April 2009 and appealed the Competition Council’s decision. In January 2010, we received notification that our appeal was denied, and in March 2010, we appealed the Competition Council’s decision to the Cour de Cassation. In March 2011, the Cour de Cassation, France’s highest court of appeal, confirmed the decision.
In the normal course of business, the Company is named as defendant in various legal proceedings in which claims are asserted against the Company. We record reserves for loss contingencies based on the circumstances of each claim, when it is probable that a loss has been incurred as of the balance sheet date and can be reasonably estimated. Although the outcome of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe the ultimate resolution of these legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.
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(15) Segment Data
Effective January 1, 2011, we created a new organizational structure in Europe in order to elevate our service quality throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Other Southern Europe and Northern Europe, previously reported in Other EMEA, are now separate reportable segments. France, Italy and Other Southern Europe are aggregated into our Southern Europe reportable segment. All previously reported results have been restated to conform to the current year presentation. Additionally, we changed the name of our Asia Pacific reportable segment to Asia Pacific Middle East (“APME”); the results of this reportable segment have not been restated as only the name has changed.
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Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
See financial measures on pages 26 and 27 for further information on constant currency and organic constant currency.
Operating Results - Three Months Ended September 30, 2011 and 2010
In the third quarter of 2011, we continued to see growth in most of our markets, which allowed us to improve our operating leverage and our operating results for the quarter. However, this growth has been moderating from the second quarter of 2011 due to the slowing of the economy and more difficult prior year comparable numbers. The improved operating leverage resulted from our being able to utilize excess capacity in the network to support the revenue growth without a similar increase in our expenses. This leverage was possible as we made strategic cost reductions during the economic downturn, which reduced the adverse impact of the economy during the period, yet preserved capacity within our network to handle the increased demand that we experienced during the current period. As expected, we also experienced a decline in our operating cash flows as our working capital needs increased with our revenue growth.
Client demand for workforce solutions and services is dependent on the overall strength of the labor market and secular trends towards greater workforce flexibility within each of the countries in which we operate. Improving economic growth typically results in increasing demand for labor, resulting in greater demand for our staffing and workforce solutions businesses. During periods of increasing demand, we are generally able to improve operating profitability and operating leverage as our current cost base can support some increase in business without a similar increase in selling and administrative expense. During these periods, we also see an increase in our working capital needs, resulting from an increase in our accounts receivable balance in-line with the revenue growth, which may result in a decline in operating cash flows.
The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the three months ended September 30, 2011 as compared to 2010.
We have continued to see improvements in most markets with regard to our staffing and workforce solutions business during the third quarter of 2011 as companies continue to focus on flexibility with the uncertain economic conditions. At Right Management, we have seen a decline in demand for the counter-cyclical outplacement services as expected with growth in our staffing and solutions business.
The year-over-year increase in Revenue from Services was primarily attributed to:
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The year-over-year decrease in Gross Profit Margin was primarily attributed to:
The 8.3% increase in Selling and Administrative Expenses for the current quarter (2.0% increase in constant currency and 1.7% increase in organic constant currency) was attributed to:
Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased 100 basis points (-1.0%) in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010 due primarily to productivity enhancements and expense leveraging, as this 8.3% (or 2.0% in constant currency) increase in expense supported the 16.3% increase in revenues (or 8.8% in constant currency).
Interest and Other Expenses were $11.0 million for the third quarter of 2011 compared to $8.4 million in 2010. Net Interest Expense increased $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2011 to $9.2 million due primarily to our Euro-denominated interest expense being translated into U.S. dollars at a higher rate in 2011 compared to 2010. Translation losses were $1.7 million in the third quarter of 2011 compared to translation gains of $0.3 million in 2010.
We recorded income tax expense, at an effective rate of 45.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2011, as compared to an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 48.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2010. The 2011 rate was favorably impacted by the overall mix of earnings, primarily an increase to non-U.S. income, while 2010 was unfavorably impacted by an increase in valuation allowances related to losses in certain non-U.S. entities and the repatriation of certain non-U.S. earnings. The 45.9% rate was higher than the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 35%, and we currently expect an annual effective tax rate of approximately 47%, due primarily to the impact of the mix of U.S. and non-U.S. earnings, valuation allowances, other permanent items, repatriations from non-U.S. entities and the French Business Tax. Excluding the impact of the French Business Tax, our tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2011 would have been approximately 36%.
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Operating Results – Nine Months Ended September 30, 2011 and 2010
On April 5, 2010, we completed our acquisition of COMSYS IT Partners, Inc. (“COMSYS”) from its existing shareholders. COMSYS’s operating results have been included within our consolidated results since April 5, 2010. In the first quarter of 2011, COMSYS was fully integrated into our operations.
The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 compared to 2010.
We have continued to see improvements in most markets with regard to our staffing and workforce solutions business during the first nine months of 2011 as economic conditions improved globally. At Right Management, we have seen a decline in demand for the counter-cyclical outplacement services as expected with the improving economic conditions and growth in our staffing and solutions business.
The year-over-year increase in Revenue from Services was primarily attributed to:
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The year-over-year decrease in Gross Profit Margin was primarily attributed to:
The 12.2% increase in Selling and Administrative Expenses for the first nine months of 2011 (6.2% increase in constant currency) was attributed to:
Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased 110 basis points (-1.1%) for the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 due primarily to productivity enhancements and expense leveraging, as this 12.2% (or 6.2% in constant currency) increase in expense supported the 21.0% increase in revenues (or 13.7% in constant currency).
Interest and Other Expenses were $33.9 million for the first nine months of 2011 compared to $33.2 million in 2010. Net Interest Expense decreased $1.9 million in the first nine months of 2011 to $27.5 million due primarily to us incurring $2.2 million of interest expense in 2010 to write-off COMSYS’s deferred financing costs. Translation losses were $2.0 million in the first nine months of 2011 compared to $2.5 million in 2010.
We recorded an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 47.9%, for the first nine months of 2011, as compared to an income tax expense, at an effective rate of 53.7%, for the first nine months of 2010. The 2011 rate was favorably impacted by the overall mix of earnings, primarily an increase to non-U.S. income. Excluding the impact of the French Business Tax, our tax rate for the first nine months of 2011 would have been approximately 37%.
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Segment Operating Results
Effective January 1, 2011, we created a new organizational structure in Europe in order to elevate our service quality throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Other Southern Europe and Northern Europe, previously reported in Other EMEA, are now separate reportable segments. France, Italy and Other Southern Europe are aggregated into our Southern Europe reportable segment. All previously reported results have been restated to conform to the current year presentation. Additionally, we have changed the name of our Asia Pacific reportable segment to APME; the results of this reportable segment have not been restated as only the name has changed.
Americas
In the Americas, Revenues from Services increased 8.6% (7.8% in constant currency) for the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. In the United States (which represents 68.5% of the Americas’ revenues), Revenues from Services improved 4.0% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010 due to growth in our temporary staffing business, particularly in the light industrial sector, and an increase of 56.6% in permanent recruitment revenues. In Other Americas, Revenues from Services improved 20.2% (17.5% in constant currency) led by revenue growth in Mexico and Argentina, however the revenue increase in Argentina was primarily due to inflation. In the Americas, the third quarter revenue growth rates have moderated from the second quarter of 2011 due to the slowing of the economy and more difficult prior year comparable numbers.
In the Americas, Revenues from Services increased 19.5% (18.3% in constant currency) for the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010. In the United States, Revenues from Services improved 18.2% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010, due to the acquisition of COMSYS as well as an increase in volumes in our core temporary staffing business, particularly in the light industrial sector, and an increase of 78.2% in permanent recruitment revenues. In Other Americas, Revenues from Services increased 22.3% (18.4% in constant currency) in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010.
Gross Profit Margin increased during both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 due to an improvement in temporary staffing margins, the impact of the COMSYS acquisition on the first quarter of 2011 and an increase in our permanent recruitment and ManpowerGroup Solutions businesses. The SUTA tax increases in the United States, which were effective in 2011, did not negatively impact margins, as we were able to increase our bill rates to cover the increases.
Selling and Administrative Expenses increased during the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to an increase in our organic salary-related costs as we added headcount to support the increased demand. In the first quarter of 2011, Selling and Administrative Expenses also increased because of the addition of COMSYS’s recurring selling and administrative costs as the acquisition occurred in April 2010. Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 due to improved expense leveraging as we were able to support the revenue growth without a similar increase in expenses.
Operating Unit Profit (“OUP”) Margin in the Americas was 3.5% and 3.1% for the third quarter of 2011 and 2010, respectively. In the United States, OUP Margin was 3.9% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 3.2% in 2010. In Other Americas, OUP Margin was 2.8% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2.6% in 2010. The increased margins resulted from the higher revenue and gross margin levels coupled with the improved leveraging of expenses.
OUP Margin in the Americas was 3.0% and 1.9% for the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively. In the United States, OUP Margin was 2.9% and 1.4% for the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively. In Other Americas, OUP Margin was 3.2% and 2.9% for the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively.
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Southern Europe
In Southern Europe, which includes operations in France and Italy, Revenues from Services increased 18.7% (8.8% in constant currency) during the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. In France (which represents 76.0% of Southern Europe’s revenues), Revenues from Services increased 8.2% in constant currency during the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. In Italy (which represents 14.6% of Southern Europe’s revenues), Revenues from Services improved 14.4% in constant currency during the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. In Other Southern Europe, Revenues from Services increased 5.2% in constant currency in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. During the third quarter of 2011, Southern Europe experienced strong growth in the temporary staffing business, while permanent recruitment revenues increased 12.7% in constant currency. In Southern Europe, the third quarter revenue growth rates have moderated from the second quarter of 2011 due to the slowing of the economy and more difficult prior year comparable numbers.
In Southern Europe, Revenues from Services increased 23.1% (14.7% in constant currency) in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010. In France, Revenues from Services increased 23.7% (15.0% in constant currency) in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010, while Italy increased 26.7% (18.0% in constant currency) and Other Southern Europe increased 13.8% (6.9% in constant currency). During the first nine months of 2011, Southern Europe had strong growth in their temporary staffing business (increased 14.7% in constant currency) and permanent recruitment revenues (increased 19.6% in constant currency).
Gross Profit Margin decreased in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2011 compared to the respective 2010 periods due primarily to the legislative reduction in French payroll tax subsidies that was effective in January 2011. While we have increased our bill rates to cover this change, timing of price increases has lagged, resulting in a net unfavorable impact on our margin in the third quarter and on a year-to-date basis. We believe we will recover most of this decrease in margin by the end of this year.
Selling and Administrative Expenses increased in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2011 compared to the respective 2010 periods due to an increase in salary-related costs resulting from an increase in headcount needed to support the revenue growth. Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010.
OUP Margin in Southern Europe was 2.3% and 2.1% for the third quarter of 2011 and 2010, respectively. This increase was due to Italy, where the OUP Margin improved to 5.9% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 4.4% in 2010 as a result of improved operating leverage as we were able to support the increase in business without a similar increase in expense. France’s OUP Margin was 1.7% for the third quarter of 2011 compared to 1.8% in 2010 and Other Southern Europe’s OUP Margin was 1.5% in the third quarter 2011 compared to 1.8% in 2010.
OUP Margin in Southern Europe was 2.0% and 1.4% for the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively. This increase reflects an improvement across the region, with France’s OUP Margin at 1.4% for the first nine months of 2011 compared to 0.9% in 2010, Italy’s OUP Margin at 5.7% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 4.2% in 2010 and Other Southern Europe’s OUP Margin at 1.4% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 0.9% in 2010.
Northern Europe
In Northern Europe, which includes operations in the Nordics, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands, Revenues from Services increased 16.9% (8.5% in constant currency) in the third quarter of 2011 as compared to 2010. While we experienced strong growth in many markets in the quarter, this revenue growth does reflect some moderating from what we saw in the first and second quarters. The growth came from within our temporary staffing business and our permanent recruitment business, which increased revenues 21.1% in constant currency during the current quarter.
In Northern Europe, Revenues from Services increased 19.9% (11.4% in constant currency) in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 for the same reasons as noted above. Our permanent recruitment revenues increased 26.3% in constant currency during the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010.
Gross Profit Margin decreased in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to the decrease in temporary staffing margins. Gross Profit Margin increased slightly in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to the increase in the permanent recruitment business.
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Selling and Administrative Expenses increased in the third quarter and first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to additional headcount required to meet the higher demand for our services. Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010.
OUP Margin for Northern Europe was 3.9% and 2.9% for the third quarter of 2011 and 2010, respectively, and was 3.5% and 2.3% for the first nine months of 2011 and 2010, respectively. The improvements were the result of gaining operating leverage to support higher revenue levels without a similar increase in expenses.
APME
Revenues from Services for APME increased 26.2% (14.5% in constant currency and 5.9% in organic constant currency) in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. During the second quarter of 2011, China and India both made acquisitions, which significantly increased their revenues. Australia also experienced strong revenue growth in their temporary staffing business, which resulted in revenue growth of 10.6% in constant currency during the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2010. This was offset, in part, by Japan, where Revenues from Services were flat in constant currency in the third quarter of 2011 compared 2010 as a 34.1% increase in the ManpowerGroup Solutions business offset the decline in their temporary staffing business.
Revenues from Services for APME increased 26.1% (14.1% in constant currency and 8.5% in organic constant currency) in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 for the reasons noted above.
Gross Profit Margin decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 due to the changes in business mix that were impacted, in part, by growth in several larger clients with lower margin business and by our acquisitions.
Selling and Administrative Expenses increased in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 due to the addition of recurring selling and administrative costs of the China and India acquisitions and increased compensation costs arising from headcount increases to support the growth in revenue and an increase in variable incentive-based compensation as a result of improved results. Selling and Administrative Expenses as a percent of revenues decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010.
OUP Margin for APME was 3.1% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 2.4% in 2010. OUP Margin for APME was 2.9% for the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2.4% in 2010.
Right Management
Revenues from Services for Right Management in the third quarter of 2011 decreased 9.5% (-13.6% in constant currency) compared to 2010. This decrease in revenues was due to an 18.9% (-22.3% in constant currency) decline in the demand for the counter-cyclical outplacement services, where revenues decline as we experience an economic recovery. The decline in outplacement services was in part offset by a 10.3% (4.6% in constant currency) increase in our talent management business. Revenues from Services for Right Management in the first nine months of 2011 decreased 15.2% (-19.0% in constant currency) compared to 2010 due to the decline in the outplacement services.
Gross Profit Margin was relatively flat in the third quarter and decreased in the first nine months of 2011 compared to the respective 2010 periods because of the business mix change, as we saw the decline in the higher margin outplacement services.
Selling and Administrative Expenses decreased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010, as costs were reduced in response to the lower 2011 revenue volumes. As a percentage of revenues, Selling and Administrative Expenses increased in both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010, as our fixed costs are now supporting lower revenues.
OUP Margin for Right Management was -2.4% in the third quarter of 2011 compared to 0.0% in 2010. OUP Margin for Right Management was 1.7% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 7.1% in 2010. The prior year OUP margins were higher given the greater mix of outplacement business in 2010.
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Financial Measures
Constant Currency and Organic Constant Currency Reconciliation
Changes in our financial results include the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We provide “constant currency” and “organic constant currency” calculations in our quarterly report to remove the impact of these items. We express year-over-year variances that were calculated in constant currency and organic constant currency as a percentage.
When we use the term “constant currency,” it means that we have translated financial data for a period into U.S. Dollars using the same foreign currency exchange rates that we used to translate financial data for the previous period. We believe that this calculation is a useful measure, indicating the actual growth of our operations. We use constant currency results in our analysis of subsidiary or segment performance. We also use constant currency when analyzing our performance against that of our competitors. Substantially all of our subsidiaries derive revenues and incur expenses within a single country and, consequently, do not generally incur currency risks in connection with the conduct of their normal business operations. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates primarily impact only reported earnings and not our actual cash flow or economic condition.
When we use the term “organic constant currency,” it means that we have further removed the impact of acquisitions in the current period and dispositions from the prior period from our constant currency calculation. We believe that this calculation is useful because it allows us to show the actual growth of our pre-existing business.
Reconciliation to the percent variances calculated based on our financial results is provided below:
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