PNC » Topics » A LLOWANCE F OR L OAN A ND L EASE L OSSES

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-K filed Mar 2, 2009.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss exposure, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions that may not be reflected in historical results.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and non-watchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date based upon current market conditions, which may not be reflected in historical loss data. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, observable market price of the loan or the fair value of collateral. We establish a pooled reserve on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk ratings.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by product and industry with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default credit risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Industry and portfolio concentrations.


 

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Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for current risk factors.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. These reserves also include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. Such factors include:

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management, and

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed Nov 6, 2008.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,


 

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Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss experience, and

   

Amounts for changes in current economic conditions that may not be reflected in historical results.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and non-watchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses based upon current market conditions which may not be reflected in historical loss data. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses. Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of expected cash flows, observable market price of the loan or the fair value of collateral. We establish a pooled reserve on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by product and industry with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default credit risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Industry and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for issues or conditions that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for current risk factors.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. These reserves also include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. Such factors include:

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management, and

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards.

 

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed Aug 8, 2008.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss experience, and

   

Amounts for changes in current economic conditions that may not be reflected in historical results.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and non-watchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses based upon current market results which may not be reflected in historical loss data. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses. Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of expected cash flows, observable market price or the fair value of collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by product and industry with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default credit risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,


 

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Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Industry and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for issues or conditions that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for current risk factors.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. These reserves also include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. Such factors include:

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management, and

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed May 12, 2008.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss experience, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions that may not be reflected in historical results.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and non-watchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses based upon current market results which may not be reflected in historical loss data. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses. Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.


 

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Allocations to loan pools are developed by product and industry with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default credit risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Industry and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for issues or conditions that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for current risk factors.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these reserves include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management, and

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-K filed Feb 29, 2008.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss exposure, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and non-watchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and quantitative factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment and products with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty

associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these reserves include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management, and

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-K filed Feb 4, 2008.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses, which is charged against operating results, and decreased by the amount of charge-offs, net of recoveries. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material


 

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estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Expected default probabilities,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Estimated losses on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, to pools of watchlist and nonwatchlist loans and to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and measurement factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential estimation errors and imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent lag of information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for expected losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these incremental reserves also include factors which may not be directly measured in the

determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Industry concentration and conditions,

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management,

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards, and

   

Bank regulatory considerations.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed Nov 8, 2007.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Probability of default,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss exposure on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and nonwatchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and quantitative factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with

SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment and products with estimated losses based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential estimation errors and imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent lag of information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these reserves include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Industry concentration and conditions,

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management,

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards, and

   

Bank regulatory considerations.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed Aug 8, 2007.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Expected default probabilities,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at date of default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Historical loss exposure on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and nonwatchlist loans, and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and quantitative factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

 

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential estimation errors and imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent lag of information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for expected losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these reserves include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Industry concentration and conditions,

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management,

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards, and

   

Bank regulatory considerations.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-Q filed May 9, 2007.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses, which is charged against operating results, and decreased by the amount of charge-offs, net of recoveries. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Expected default probabilities,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Estimated losses on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, allocations to pools of watchlist and nonwatchlist loans and allocations to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable

losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and measurement factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.

While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential estimation errors and imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent lag of information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for expected losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these reserves include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Industry concentration and conditions,

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management,

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards, and

   

Bank regulatory considerations.

This excerpt taken from the PNC 10-K filed Mar 1, 2007.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

We maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level that we believe to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses, which is charged against operating results, and decreased by the amount of charge-offs, net of recoveries. Our determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan and lease portfolios and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change, including, among others:

   

Expected default probabilities,

   

Loss given default,

   

Exposure at default,

   

Amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans,

   

Value of collateral,

   

Estimated losses on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and

   

Amounts for changes in economic conditions and potential estimation or judgmental imprecision.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, we make specific allocations to impaired loans, to pools of watchlist and nonwatchlist loans and to consumer and residential mortgage loans. We also allocate reserves to provide coverage for probable losses not covered in specific, pool and consumer reserve methodologies related to qualitative and measurement factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the total reserve is available for all credit losses.

Specific allocations are made to significant individual impaired loans and are determined in accordance with SFAS 114, “Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan,” with impairment measured based on the present value of the loan’s expected cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the loan’s collateral. We establish a specific allowance on all other impaired loans based on their loss given default credit risk rating.

Allocations to loan pools are developed by business segment based on probability of default and loss given default risk ratings by using historical loss trends and our judgment concerning those trends and other relevant factors. These factors may include, among others:

   

Actual versus estimated losses,

   

Regional and national economic conditions, and

   

Business segment and portfolio concentrations.

Loss factors are based on industry and/or internal experience and may be adjusted for significant factors that, based on our judgment, impact the collectibility of the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Consumer and residential mortgage loan allocations are made at a total portfolio level based on historical loss experience adjusted for portfolio activity.


 

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While our pool reserve methodologies strive to reflect all risk factors, there continues to be a certain element of uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential estimation errors and imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent lag of information. We provide additional reserves that are designed to provide coverage for expected losses attributable to such risks. In addition, these incremental reserves also include factors which may not be directly measured in the determination of specific or pooled reserves. These factors include:

   

Industry concentration and conditions,

   

Credit quality trends,

   

Recent loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio,

   

Ability and depth of lending management,

   

Changes in risk selection and underwriting standards, and

   

Bank regulatory considerations.

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