Operating Margin

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Related Articles Profit margins Net Profit Margin Operating Expenses Operating Income Relevant Industries Cell Phone Manufacturers

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This article discusses Operating Margin. For other commonly used margins, see Profit margins

Operating margin is the proportion of revenues remaining after paying the costs of operating the business, such as labor costs (wages), raw materials, overhead, depreciation and amortization, selling, general, and administrative expenses, advertising, etc. Operating margin can be calculated by dividing Operating Profit by Net Sales. That is,

Example: In 2007, Firm B had $100mm in Sales and, after all operating expenses are accounted for, records an Operating Income of $45mm. Then Firm B's Operating Margin is $45mm/$100mm = 45%.

[edit] Implications and Usage

Operating margin can be used both as a tool to analyze a single company's performance against it's past performance, and to compare similar companies' performance against one another.

[edit] Comparisons With Other Companies

Operating Margins can be very useful metrics, and they typically require some specific circumstances to have substantial significance. Operating margins can be useful in intra-industry comparisons of companies with different debt structures. Because interest expense is not included in determining Operating Profit, debt is controlled for across companies. Operating Margins really demonstrate the operating efficiencies of the business

Suppose we have Firm B from above (45% operating margins) and Firm C (with 28% operating margins). If B and C are in the same industry and are competitors, then B is clearly limiting its operating expenses. Put another way, every dollar that B uses in production of its goods, services, etc... is generating a greater return than every dollar C uses in operations.

If, however, B and C are not in the same space, then the differences in margins may not be so insightful. Suppose B is in an industry where operating margins are typically greater than 50%, and C is in an industry where margins are typically less than 25%, then C is likely more efficient.

A word of warning: Because of different capitalization structures (differing debt levels), different tax structures, and special one-time income events, an Operating Margin Comparison may have contradictory results with Net Profit Margin Comparison. As you can likely see, the use of margins in analysis must be supported by other metrics.

[edit] Single Company Growth Comparisons

Keeping with B, let's say that it was 2007 in which it made $45mm in Operating Income and $100mm in Revenues. Also, let's say that in 2006, it made $42mm in Operating Income and $88mm in Revenues, and in 2005, it made $37mm in Operating Income and $75mm in Revenues. Then every year, both Operating Income and Revenues have had positive growth.

As you can see above, despite positive Revenue and OI growth, margins consistently declined. This could be indicative of many things, including increasing cost of goods sold, an expanding administrative workforce, etc... Declining operating margins would be especially distressing if other companies in the same industry are not experiencing similar effects, or there is no economic or otherwise compelling reason for such a decline.

Operating Margin

Company	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Apple (AAPL)	4%	13%	13%	18%	Add
Avery Dennison (AVY)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings (CCO)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
DexCom (DXCM)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Gap (GPS)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
General Electric Company (GE)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
J.M. Smucker Company (SJM)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Jacobs Engineering Group (JEC)	Add	3.81%	4.06%	5.22%	Add
Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LH)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Lamar Advertising Company (LAMR)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Logitech International S.A. (LOGI)	11.5%	11.6%	11.1%	11.2%	12.1%
Marsh & McLennan Companies (MMC)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Medtronic (MDT)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Motorola (MOT)	10%	13%	10%	(2%)	Add
Nokia (NOK)	15%	14%	13%	16%	Add
Palm (PALM)	(0.43%)	6.1%	6.67%	4.49%	(9.56%)
Quest Diagnostics (DGX)	Add	Add	Add	16.3%	Add
Research in Motion (RIMM)	6%	3%	20%	27%	29%
Robert Half International (RHI)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Sony (SNE)	2%	2%	3%	1%	4%
St. Jude Medical (STJ)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add
Tomkins (TKS)	Add	Add	Add	Add	Add

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